Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
A 34-tear old male who had HIV and now has AIDS (Physiology (Difference…
A 34-tear old male who had HIV and now has AIDS
Upstream
Direct
Having HIV
Leading up to AIDS
Took treatment once he was diagnosed with HIV
Medications stopped detecting HIV
Lead up to AIDS
Before diagnosed with HIV he may have gotten a blood transfusion from an individual infected with HIV
Indirect
Behavior
Not taking proper care of himself
Lack of knowledge
Unaware of what fluids transmit HIV
Unaware of how HIV is transmitted
Prior exposure to a mate with HIV
Not using protection during sex
Prior exposure to using infected needles
HIV changed to AIDS
His immune system continue to replicate the virus
Therefore, immune system becomes weaken since it's below 200 T-lymphocyte
Downstream
HIV destroys TH cells
HIV attacks T-cell aka CD4 helper cell
By destroying this cell, it becomes harder for the body to fight off other infections
Destroys them by using their replication machinery to create new copies of the virus
Causing the cell to swell and burst
It also uses the cells to make more of the virus
Before destroying T-cells completely symptoms occure
Acute infection may take place
Days to weeks after the virus had been contacted
Meantime the virus keeps multiplying rapidly
Some symptoms me include
Rash
Swollen lymph nodes
Headache
Fatigue
Fever
Muscle pain (myalgia)
Indirect effects
Has indirect effects of HIV immunopathogenesis
Leads to progressive CD4+T cell depletion
350-500
Systematic HIV
<200
Risk PCP, gut infections
more than 500
Low risk HIV-related disease
<100
CMV, MAL, CRYPTO, TOXO, KS
It's called AIDS
When a person's helper T-lymphocyte count drops below 200 cells per cubic milliliter
When a person develops an opportunistic infection or illness
Those are the ones that thrive due to the compromised immune system
Ex. of opportunistic illness:
Fungal infections
Some bacterial infections
Protozoan infections
Neoplasmas
Opportunistic infections account for up to 80% of all AIDS-related deaths
Untreated
Will continue to destroy cells that fight off infections
Opportunistic infections will then take advantage of a very weak immune system
Will lead to AIDS
Some people get pneumonia because their immune system don't function
Eventually causing death
Without treatment
Leads to difficulty in responding to new infections
Stages of HIV
Chronic HIV
Aka asymptomatic stage; can last for several years
AIDS
Occurs when CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3
Makes a person vulnerable to opportunistic infections and AIDS-defining conditions
Acute HIV
Flu-like symptoms that occur days to weeks after contracting HIV
Prevention
Limit the spread of HIV infection by:
HIV-infected pregnant women need special prenatal help to prevent transmission
Mothers are discouraged from breastfeeding their infants since the virus is present in breast milk
Get tested
Not having unprotected sex
Practice abstinence
Use condoms
Contraceptives like birth control don't protect against HIV
HIV can spread through oral sex
Physiology
Lymphatic System Function
Transports and houses lymphocytes and other immune cells to defend against anything foreign
Helps the cardiovascular system return excess fluid back to the blood to maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and blood volume
Lymphocyte's & their function in adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Regulatory T cells, B cells, Plasma cells, and Memory cells
Regulatory T cells
They regulate the immune response and shut it down when the body had successfully gotten rid of the foreign body out of our body
B cells
They monitor the humoral immunity and can differentiate into plasma cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Go out to the cells and destroy the cells that display foreign antigens on there MHC 1
Plasma cells
Create antibodies in order to fight off infection in the body
Helper T cell
Help start up the immune response when the APC shows it's a foreign antigen
Memory cells
Create memory to the foreign invadors so that the next time it comes in contact with the body, the body can start an immune response much faster
Immunocompetence and self tolerance
Immunocompetence
Being competent to start an immune response
Positive selection
When MHC its good to go to negative and it doesn't go through apoptosis
Negative selection
When self antigen are read then go through apoptosis, but if self antigens aren't read then it's done and incompetent
B cells defend by using antibodies made in the plasma cells
T-cells defend by secreting cytokines
Innate (nonspecific) defenses vs. Adaptive (specific) defenses
Types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive defenses
Innate defense cells
NK cells
Monitor our own cells and kill anything that is foreign to the body
Dendritic cells
Eats anything that is foreign to the body and wall present it to the T Helpeer cell to cause an immune reaction
Macrophages
Eat anything that is foreign
Basophils
Secrete histamine (inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Neutrophils
Attack bacteria
Eosinophils
Attack worm and allergies
Monocytes
Fight off chronic conditions
Adaptive defense cells
T-cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Monitor cells to make sure they aren't infected with a specific foreign antigen
Helper T cells
Calls for help when presented with a foreign antigen
Regulatory T cells
Regulates the immune response
Memory T cells
Create memory cells for the next time the body gets exposed to the same foreign antigen
B-cells
Plasma cells
Make antibodies to fight
Memory B cells
Create memory cells for the next time the body gets exposed to the same foreign antigen
Applied immunology
Difference between active and passive immunity
Active Immunity
Memory cells are made and an immune response is started
Passive Immunity
No memory cells are made and usually the antibodies are coming from someone else
Natural and artificial within active and passive immunity
Active immunity
Active artificial
You are creating antibodies to fight off an infection and making memory but not from actually getting an infection but from a vaccine
Active natural
You create antibodies to fight off an infection and make memory for the future
Ex: having the Flu or getting any other infection
Passive immunity
Passive natural
You don't create antibodies or memory b/c you are getting them from someone else
Ex: From crossing the placenta or from breast milk when you are a newborn
Passive artificial
You don't create antibodies or memory b/c you are getting them from someone else
Ex: From plasma or serum
Difference between HIV and AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Is a virus that attacks out Helper T cells and destroys them
With out the Helper T cells we can not start an immune reaction to defend yourself against it
It's a virus that causes AIDS
Uses the cell's energy and nutrients to grow and reproduce
Thee virus enters the body and multiples primarily in the WBCs
Which normally protect us from disease
HIV transmitted
All types of sex, sharing infected needles (blood), pregnancy, birth, and breast feeding
Fluids that transmit HIV
Semen, vaginal fluid, blood, breast milk
Relatively high mutation rate and its ability to develop drug resistiance
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T-cells
Occurs from HIV
The immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off infections
Cause illness to take advantage of the weakened immune system
Has no cure
Both HIV and AIDS treated
Through drugs
AZT: slows rate at which HIV multiplies protease inhibitors decrease the amount of HIV and increases helper T-cell count
Difference between viral and bacterial infections
Both
You can get both from things like coughing, sneezing, kissing and pets
There are vaccines which can prevent many types of both bacterial and virus infections
Bacterial infection
Needs a host
Most bacteria are harmless
Can be treated with antibiotics
But some antibiotics can harm some of the "good" bacteria
Beneficial bacteria
In ecosystems, bacteria have a very important role as decomposers
Bacteria in digestive system helps break down food
Some bacteria can colonize your skin are beneficial and actually help keep harmful strains and other types of pathogens from growing
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
Have no nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Has a cytoplasm
Has a cell wall
Has ribosomes
Has cell membrane
Replicates through binary fission
A type of asexuall reproduction when bacteria can easily divide to make a copy of themselves
Viral infection
Most viruses cause disease
Can't be treated with antibiotics
Many viruses, like the cold and flu, go away on their own with rest
Virus Structure
They are much smaller than cells
They come in many shapes
They have some type of genetic material
Viruses have a capsid that protects the DNA or RNA genetic material
Virus can't replicate without a host
Anything that is alive can be a host
Lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus
Lytic
Lytic cycle
The virus attaches to a host cell
It often bind to a receptor... giving it access to attach
The virus can then inject either its DNA or RNA into the cell
Later the virus begins to make many copies to a point in which it ruptures
Afterwords it can go infect other cells
A type of replication cycle
Lysogenic
Lysogenic cycle
Same as lytic cycle; virus inject their genetic material
But this time, the genetic material stays hidden in the host's generic material
Causing the host to replicate its own genetic material and the viral genetic material
Then those daughter cells make new cells and replicate their genetic material and viral material
A type of replication cycle
Lysogenic becomes a problem when it tiggers the lytic cycle
Since all those cells that had the viral genetic material can start to assemble
A chemical can be a trigger
Ex: lack of food for the host
Anatomy
Organs and Cell of Immune System Anatomy
Organs
Lymph and Lymphatic vessels
Difference between blood vessel and lymph vessels
Blood vessels
Function
Artery
Carries blood away from the heart
Arteries use muscles help pump blood throughout the body
Venin
Carries blood back to the heart
Vessels are important to carry blood back and uses help from the skeletal muscle pump
Lymphatic vessels
Requires help from the skeletal muscle pump in order to move the lymphatic fluid
Only carries lymph
Difference between blood, plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph
Plasma: Lacks formed elements but had large proteins and ion
Interstitial fluid: Same as plasma but doesn't have large proteins
Whole blood: made from formed elements
Lymph: Like interstitial fluid but also carries some fat from the digestive system
Red Bone Marrow
Formed elements are made which includes all WBCs
Found in long bones
Spongy bone
Function
Where B cells develop and matured
MALTs
Found in the GI tract
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue
Lacteals, peyer's patch
Function
Prevent pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane
Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Lymph node
Germinal centers, efferent and afferent vessels, cortex and medulla
Along the length of the lymph vessels; in axillary, inguinal and cervcial regions
Function
Filters lymph; immune response is initiated in the lymph
Thymus
Contains medulla and cortex
Anterior and superior mediastinum
Function
Site of T-Lymphocytes maturation and differentiation
Spleen
Left upper quadrant near the 9th and 11th rib; around the stomach
Contains red and white pulp that deals with RBCs and WBCs
Removes old RBCs, serves as platelet reservoir; where immune response is initiated in the blood
Function
Cleansees blood and removes aged or defective RBCs
Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Tonsils
Within the pharynx
Lymphatic nodules that contains terminal centers
Function
Protect against inhaled and ingested substance
Cells
Granulocytes
Esinophils
Attack worm and allergies
Basophils and mast cells
Secrete histamine (inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Neutrophils
Attack bacteria
Phagocytic cells
Macrophages
Eat anything that is foreign
Dendritic cells
Eats anything that is foreign to the body and wall present it to the T Helpeer cell to cause an immune reaction
Monocytes
Fight off chronic conditions
Lymphocytes
NK cells
Monitor our own cells and kill anything that is foreign to the body
B lymphocytes
They monitor the humoral immunity and can differentiate into plasma cells
T lymphocyte
They regulate the immune response and shut it down when the body had successfully gotten rid of the foreign body out of our body
Innate (nonspecific) defense
Steps in phagocytosis
Attachment: phagocyte attaches to the microbe
Ingestion of microbe: phagocyte eats the pathogen
Chemotaxis: within the movement of the phagocyte by chemical messengers to the site of infection
Activation of Phagocytes
Activated by inflammation
Destruction: phagocyte destroys the pathogen
NK cells function
NK cells are a type of WBC that goes out and attacks anything that is foreign to the body and eliminates it.
Perforin
Peerforates the cell membrane
Granzymes
Enter the cell after being prorated and causes apoptosis
Complement and interferon function
Complements
A group of proteins that attach to foreign antigens
Interferon
A type of cytokine that is released from a virus infected cell alerting other neighboring cells to look out for the virus
Surface membrane barriers
Hyaluronic acid
Slows microbes down
Sebaceous glands
Creates low pH which interferes with microbe growth
Exfoliation
Removes potential pathogen from skin
Sweat glands
Help wash away microbes
Epidermis
Provides a barrier for the body
Fever
When temperature raises in the body it kills off any foreign substance. Pyrogens are molecules that target the hypothalamus to start a fever
Inflammatory response
Basophils and mast cells
Histamine
For inflammation
Prostiginadins
Vasodilation
Bradykinn
Vasodilation
Redness
Blood rushes through and histamine; heat occurs from the extra blood coming through
Inflammation
When tissue gets damaged by anything
Brings more macrophages to the site of infection to "clean up" the mess and brings more blood to the site as well
Swelling
Extra fluid combining in b/c of inflammation
Pain
Caused by kinins and the fluid putting pressure on the nerves