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(background (physiology (innate defenses(nonspecific (lymphocytes/cells in…

- - - - complement and interferon function
        
        complements are a group of proteins that attach to foreign antigen and will cause an effect
        
        interferon-is a type of cytokine that is released from a virus infected cell which alerts other neighbouring cells to look out for the virus
      - respond with in Minto protect the body from substances
      - two barriacdes
        
        first line of defense consist of surface barrieres
        
        skin
        
        mucosae
        
        second line of defense
        
        called into action whenever the first line has been penetrated, relies on internal defences such as antimicicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells to inhibit and the invaders spreads throughout the body.
        
        inflammation
      - lymphocytes/cells in innate
        
        nk cells
        
        monitor our own cells and kill anything that is foreign to the body
        
        the way it kills is with chemicals it secretes
        
        perforin-which perforates the cell membrane a
        
        Granzymes- which enter the cell after it has been perforated and causes apoptosis
        
        macrophages
        
        eat anything that is foreign to the body
        
        neutrophils
        
        attack bacteria
        
        monocytes
        
        fight off chronic conditions and viruses
        
        basophils
        
        secrete histamine(inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant)
        
        mast cells
        
        eosinophils
        
        attack worm and allergies
        
        dendritic cells
        
        eats anything that is foreign to the body and will present it to the t helper cell to cause an immune reaction
      - response to injuries
        
        inflammatory response
        
        starts when tissues gets damaged by anything
        
        prostaglandins
        
        vasoialiation
        
        characteristics
        
        swelling- extra fluid coming in and because of inflammation
        
        pain-caused by the kinins and the fluid putting pressure on the nerves
        
        redness-blood rushing through and the histamine
        
        heat- because of all the extra blood coming through
        
        inflammation happens bc it brings more macrophages to the site of infection to "clean up" the means and brings more blood to the site as well
        
        fever
      - chemicals that act on this defense line
        
        diapedesis
        
        the squeezing through of wbcsthrough blood capillaries
        
        chemotaxis
        
        the movement of WBCs towards a chemical signal
        
        opsonisation
        
        the covering of antibodies on foreign antigen that will be "eaten" by WBCs
        
        membrane attack complex(MAC)
        
        is a protein channel that will integrate to the cell membrane and cause the cell to leak and shrivel
      - steps in phagocytosis
        
        attachment phagocytes attaches to the microbe
        
        ingestion of microbe- phagocyte eats the pathogen
        
        chemotaxis- movement of the phagocyte by chemical messengers to the site of infection
        
        destruction phagocyte destroys the pathogen
        
        activation of phagocytosis-activated by inflammation
        
        phagocyte mobilisation
        
        1)leukocytosis
        
        injured cells release chemicals -leukocytosis-inducing factors
        
        increase of WBCs
        
        2)margination
        
        refers to the phenomenon of phagocytes clinging to the inner walls of the capillaries and post capillaries venues , go against wall to get out.
        
        3)diapedesis
        
        neutrophilst to flatten and squeeze between the epithelial cells of the capillary walls
        
        4)chemotaxis
        
        follow a chemical trail
    - - third line of defenses
      - humoral and cells - mediated immunity
        
        humoral-mediated immunity/fluid
        
        b-cells will over see this immunity. Plasma cell will also be here and they will provide Antibodies to bind to anything foreign in the body
        
        B-cells
        
        plasma cells
        
        make anybodies to fight
        
        memory B-Cell
        
        creates memory cells for the next time the body gets exposed to the same foreign antigen
        
        cell-mediated immunity
        
        T-cells will oversee this immunity. they will attackdirectlyn and lyse body cells that have been infected which will release chemicals to enhance inflammation, attract other macrophages and other lymphocyte
        
        T-cells
        
        Helper T-cell
        
        call for help when presented with a foreign antigen
        
        memory T cell
        
        Create memory cells for the next time the body gets exposed to the same foreign antigen
        
        regulatory T cell
        
        regulate the immune response
        
        cytotoxic T-cell
        
        calls for help when when presented with a foreign
        
        Antigens-presenting cells
        
        their role is to find anything foreign then present foreign antigens to the helper T cells in order to mount an immune response against the foreign body.
        
        1 more item...
      - self tolerance is being able to not attack you own cells
        
        positive selection- if it rea the MHC it is good to go to the negative section., if not then it goes through apoptosis. negative section if it reads self antigen then it goes through apoptosis, but if t doesn't read self antigen then is done and becomes incompetent
        
        the way B cells defend is by using antibodies that are made by the plasma cells. while the way T cell s defend is that they can secrete cytokines like interluken 2, perforin , granzymes .
      - the difference between the innate and the adaptive defenses is that the innate system is nonspecific meaning that it will attack anything that is foreign the body without question. while the adaptive defense will attack but something in specific not just anything. also adaptive has memory cells in order to respond to a foreign a body a second time while the innate doesn't.
      - immunological memory (anamnestic)response
        
        here memory cells will make memory to foreign antigens that have invaded the body at one point and if ever needed again they will be the first to respond to foreign
      - antigens are substances that trigger the body adaptive defenses
        
        antigen is a substance that binds to a component of the adaptive immunity
        
        Antigen and antigen processing
        
        complete antigens
        
        can cause an immune response and is very reactive with lymphocytes
        
        reactivity
        
        ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic
        
        immunogenic
        
        1 more item...
        
        immunogenicity
        
        ability to stimulates specific lymphocytes to proliferate
        
        examples
        
        proteins
        
        1 more item...
        
        large poly sacharrides
        
        some lipids and nucleic acids.
        
        not immunogenic
        
        peptides, nucleotides ,hormones
        
        incomplete antigen
        
        haptens
        
        is usually not immunogenic by itself, but has reactivity, which may lead to allergic reactions
        
        antigenic determinants
        
        is a specific site on an antigen molecule that is recgonized by immune system
        
        self antigens
        
        these are found on our own cells to show the body that they are not foreign
        
        MHS
        
        3 more items...
        
        antigen receptor
        
        is a receptor that binds to an antigen
      - what are antibodies?
        
        also called immunoglobulins (igs)
        
        IgD(monomer)
        
        IgG(monomer)
        
        IgA(dimer)
        
        IgE(monomer)
        
        IgM(pentameter)
        
        first Ig class secreted by plasma cells during the primary response
    - - active immunity
        
        active artificial
        
        creating antibodies to fight off an infection and making memory but not from actually getting an infection but from a vaccine
        
        active natural
        
        you creating antibodies to fight off an infection and making memory for the future
        
        example the flu
      - passive immunity
        
        passive natural
        
        you arnt creating antibodies or memory because you are getting them from someone else. in this case it would be from crossing the placenta or from breast milk when your a new born
        
        passive artificial
        
        getting them from someone else in serum form
  - - - It reduces the body’s ability to fight infection and illness.
      - types of ways you can get hiv
        
        blood
        
        needles
        
        or during sexual intercourse
        
        mother can get infect a child and transmit the virus to her fetus
      - process of hiv
        
        1) targets CD4 cells via their CD4 surface proteins.
        
        2) once inside cd4 cell,hiv set up housekeeping using the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from its (viral) RNA
        
        3) provirus, inserts itself into the target cells DNA. and directs the cell to crank out new copies of viral RNA and proteins so that the virus can multiply and infect other cells
        
        hiv destroys t helper cell depressing both branches of adaptive immunity and turning the whole immune system topsy-turvy
    - - no cure for aids
        
        antiviral drugs are available these are often used in combinations
        
        virus becomes resistant to everything
  - - - the viruses then burst out of the cell.
  - - - Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the human body.
        
        handful of bacteria cause infections in humans
        
        These bacteria are referred to as pathogenic bacteria.
      - meaning that they can be spread from person to person. There are many ways this can occur, including:
        
        close contact with a person who has a bacterial infection, including touching and kissing.
        
        transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or birth
        
        contact with the body fluids of an infected person, particularly after sexual contact, or when an infected person coughs or sneezes
        
        coming into contact with contaminated surfaces, such as doorknobs or faucet handles, and then touching your face, nose, or mouth
    - - Viruses are parasitic
      - they require living cells or tissue in which to grow.
      - Viruses can invade the cells of your body, using the components of your cells to grow and multiply
      - Some viruses even kill host cells as part of their life cycle.
  - - - cells, tissues,and organs
        
        MALTS
        
        lacteals, Peters patches
        
        GI tract
        
        mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
        
        red bone marrow
        
        found in long bone
        
        where Cells develop and mature
        
        formed elements are made which includes all wbcs
        
        spongy bone
        
        lymph nodes
        
        along the length of lymph vessels: in axillary, lingual and cervical regions
        
        filters lymph; immune response is the initiated in lymph
        
        germinal center,eferent and afferent vessels, cortex and medulla
        
        thymus
        
        anterior and superior mediastinum
        
        site of t-lymphocytes maturation and differentiations
        
        contain cortex and medulla
        
        spleen
        
        contains red and white pulp that deals with RBCs and WBCs
        
        left upper quadrant near the 9th and 11th rib part way aroundd stomach
        
        removes old RBCs, serves as platelet reservoir, where immune response is initiated in blood
        
        tonsils
        
        lymphatic nodules that contains germinal carriers
        
        protect against inhale and indigested substances
        
        within the pharynx
- - - - fatigue
      - shortness of breath
      - cough
      - fever
      - swollen lymph nodes
      - weight loss
      - diarrhea
  - - - also affects your Respiratory and cardiovascular systems
        
        HIV increases the risk of colds, influenza, and pneumonia.
        
        Without preventive treatment for HIV, advanced treatment puts you at an even greater risk for complications like tuberculosis, pneumonia
        
        Your risk for lung cancer also increases with HIV
        
        This is caused by weakened lungs from numerous respiratory issues related to a weakened immune system
        
        Digestive system
        
        it also makes your body more susceptible to infections that can affect your digestive system.
        
        decrease your appetite and make it difficult to eat properly
        
        As a result, weight loss is a common side effect.
        
        It can also cause inflammation of the esophagus, which can make it difficult to eat
  - - - HIV and AIDS can cause HIV- associated dementia or AIDS dementia complex, two conditions that seriously affect cognitive function.
- - - - cdcells via their cd4 surface proteins
        
        once inside the hiv uses a viral enzyme reverse transcript to produce DNA from its (viral)DNA.
        
        now called a provirus, which inserts itself into the target cells DNA and directs the cell to crank out new copies of viral RNA and proteins so that they call go and infect others.
        
        during this the HIV id destroying T helper cells, depressing both branches of the adaptive and immunity
- - - - which is called the antibody mediated immunity which is provided by the antibodies present init body humors or fluids
        
        without this they would be able to produce lymphocytes
        
        causing bacterial toxins ,and free viruses to be active because the phagocytes aren't able to destroy them
    - - if this is affected the antibodies will not be able to defend the body
        
        won't be able to target the infected pathogens such as viruses and bacteria and parasites, or cancer cells
        
        the lymphocytes won't be able to attack the infected cells because it won't reales the chemical
        
        there won't be any inflammation which will cause it to get infected bc no abc where called to the affected area bc the macrophages weren't called to the scene