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France/ China (China (Qing Printing Projects Emperor Kangxi sponsored many…
France/ China
China
Qing Printing Projects
Emperor Kangxi sponsored many printing projects including a comprehensive dictionary, encyclopedias, and technical projects for color printing and copperplate engraving. •Unlike Japan or Britain, the use of printing and literacy remained largely confined to the elite
Qing Military Power
:Defeat of Russia in Amur Valley in 1686.•The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)
The French Empire in 1742
Louisiana or New France (green)—1682-1762. Fur trade. Cedes to Britain and France in Seven Years War. Napoleon reclaims Spanish part, 1801-1803.•Saint-Domingue (Haiti, 1659)•Spanish Colony until 1697: 2000 slaves
•1789: 500,000 slaves, sugar and some tobacco
Louis XIV (1774-1792): The Collapse of the Estates System
:
First Estate
: Clergy High and Low -
Second Estate
: Aristocracy Versailles -
Third Estate:
Populace Merchants, Artisans, Shopkeepers, Peasants, Laborers
“Second Hundred Years War” (1688-1815)Britain, France, and the Growth of the Fiscal-Military State
: Paying for Global Navies•The Bank of England (1694)•The Mississippi and South Sea Stock Bubbles (1720)The Seven Years War (1756-1763)•Global war in three theaters: many actors•Struggle between Britain and France over empire•Huge Debt Burden
Chen Hongmou (1696-1771) and Good Government
: Women and non-Han Chinese should receive same education as Han Chinese men
European Renaissance
Important people
Machiavelli, The Prince
- Principality: “a wise prince must devise ways by which his citizens are always and in all circumstances dependent on him and his authority” Republicanism: “the multitude is wiser and more constant than a prince
The Courtly Writer:Christine de Pizan (1399-14290
•From Venice. Moves to Paris with father to be at court of French king.•Writes 30 books (manuscript) when father and husband die.•Character of “Lady Reason” teaches the achievements of past women and chases away self-doubt•Scholars debate whether there was a “Renaissance for women”—this is not true of the Enlightenment in the 18th century.-
economic rebirth
-Renaissance was the spread of classical works and knowledge, which inspired changes in established values and ways of thinking. This information primarily spread through Europe as a result of the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the sacking of Moorish Spain
Technology
- The printing press
Imperial Crisis
:The Holy Roman Empire of Charles V (1519-1556)
Language-
e: The Polyglot Bible (Spain: 1502-1517) in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic
Texts
: The Aldine Press (Venice, 1495-1597), printed editions of Greek and Roman classics
The Silver Cycle (first global economy)
The Clombian Exchange-
named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Manila started, linked Asia and the Americas
Challengers
Martin Luther-1517: Sends the “95 Theses” to the Archbishop of Mainz. Believes in faith alone, not church
The Classics-:
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543)- Saves Aristotle’s idea that planets travel in circles
•Dedicated to the Pope but associated with Lutheranism because of Protestant German princes.
Challenges model of Ptolemy inherited from the Romans and Greek Published in Latin as a theory