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You are assigned to care for a 34-year old male patient recently diagnosed…

- - - - some helper T-lymphocytes are programmed to produce HIV RNA at a fast rate
      - other helper T-lymphocytes are targeted and destroyed by other immune cells
        
        over a period of months to years the helper T-lymphocyte population declines to a low level.
        
        decreased helper T-lymphocyte levels result in a loss of normal immune function which progresses and turns into AIDS
  - - - the helper T-lymphocytes produced HIV RNA which then infected other neighboring cells
        
        this allows the virus to replicate at a high rate
        
        as the virus grows in numbers it depletes the number of healthy helper T-lymphocytes
        
        the low numbers of helper T-lymphocytes is what officially changes the diagnoses of HIV to AIDS
        
        the body can not produce healthy helper T-lymphocytes at the same rate that they are being destroyed
      - other helper T-lymphocyte cells are attacked and destroyed by other immune cells
- - - - it is called AIDS because the life threatening condition is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- - - - Pharyngeal tonsils
      - Palatine tonsils
      - Lingual tonsils
  - - - Neutrophils
      - Lymphocytes
        
        B-lymphocytes
        
        B-lymphocytes
        
        Natural killer cells
      - Monocytes
      - Eosinophils
      - Basophils
  - - - Components and physiology of innate immune system
        
        Physical barriers
        
        Skin
        
        Constantly work to keep foreign particles and microbes out
        
        Mucus
        
        Works as a barrier by trapping harmful microbes and bacteria in the mucus to avoid letting it gain entry into the body
        
        Immune cells
        
        Phagocytic cells
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Engulf unwanted substances through phagocytocis
        
        Neutrophils die after phagocytosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Macrophages
        
        Engulf unwanted substance through phagocytocis
        
        Macrophages continue to function after phagocytosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Dendritic cells
        
        Engulf unwanted substances through phagocytocis
        
        Dendritic cells continue to function after phagocytosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Basophils and Mast cells
        
        Release granules including histamine that increase vasodilation and capillary permeability at an injury site
        
        release heparin as an anticoagulant
        
        release eicosanoids from plasma membrane to increase inflammation
        
        Natural Killer Cells
        
        NK cells participate in immune surveillance to detect unhealthy cells
        
        They make physical contact with unhealthy cells and destroy them by the release of cytotoxic chemicals
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Target multicellular parasites
        
        Attacking the organisms surfaces
        
        Eosinophils process of destruction include degranulation and release of enzymes that are lethal to parasites
        
        Also participate in immune response of allergies and asthma
        
        Fever
        
        Results from fever inducing molecules called pyrogens
        
        Pyrogens are released from various types of cells
        
        they circulate the blood
        
        Pyrogens target the hypothalamus
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Components and physiology of adaptive immune response
        
        Cell-mediated immunity
        
        T-lymphocytes
        
        Cytotoxin T-lymphocytes
        
        release chemicals that are toxic to cells
        
        Helper T-lymphocytes
        
        Help to initiate both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
        
        function to coordinate immune response
        
        activate NK cells
        
        Humoral Immunity
        
        B-lymphocytes
        
        develop into plasma cells
        
        synthesize and release antibodies
  - - - phagocytizes bacteria
    - - T-lymphocytes
        
        manage and direct immune response
        
        directly attack foreign cells and virus infected cells
      - B-lymphocytes
        
        are stimulated to become plasma cells
        
        these produce antibodies
      - Natural killer cells
        
        attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
    - - releases histamine and heparin
        
        which causes both vasodilation and increased permeability
    - - turn into macrophages
        
        phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells and debris
    - - secret chemicals that help to eliminate parasites
  - - - Caused by viruses
        
        viruses are not cells
        
        Viruses are composed of DNA or RNA within a protein capsid
        
        they must enter a cell to replicate
        
        The virus causes the cell to make copies of the viral DNA or RNA
        
        New viral particles are then formed with the infected cells and released to surrounding cells
        
        Viruses kill the cell it invades
    - - Caused by prokaryotic cells
        
        these cells are much different from the cells of humans and other living organisms
        
        these cells have pili which are hairlike structures that allow attaching to body structures
        
        cause disease by releasing enzymes or toxins that interfere with the function of cells
        
        some bacteria have external sticky polysaccharide capsule which increase their ability to cause serious illness
    - - treatments only help with symptoms
      - Antibiotics do not work on viral infections
      - there are some antiviral medications for some viral infections
    - - most bacterial illnesses can be treated with antibiotics
  - - - this stage is involves the reproduction of viruses
      - viruses use a host cell to make more viruses
    - - this involves the incorporation of the viral genome into a host cell genome
      - this infects the cell from within
  - - - HIV infection targets the helper T-lymphocytes
        
        HIV infects and destroys T-lymphocytes over a period of time
        
        HIV programs T-lymphcytes to produce HIV RNA at extremely fast rate, that undergo lysis or bursts.
        
        The body can not produce healthy helper T-lymphocytes as quickly as they are destroyed
      - resides in body fluid of infect individuals
      - HIV is transmitted through body fluids
      - causes a decrease in the helper T-lymphocytes which result in loss of normal immune function
    - - AIDS is the result HIV
      - AIDS is diagnosed when a person's helper T-lymphocytes count drops below 200 cells per cubic milliliter.
      - AIDS causes a compromised immune system
      - A person is more likely to get sick with opportunistic infections or illness
      - a person can't "catch" AIDS they can only develop AIDS by first contracting HIV