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Social Psychology (The Self (Levels of Self (Social actor (Begins with…

- - - - Begins with Darwin (1872-1965)
        
        human nature social
        
        survive because we work together
        
        the way we present to society and how people see us is very important
      - goals
        
        fit in with society
        
        if you dont fit in you are rejected and dont thrive
        
        need a place in society to benefit from what society offers (protection, support, training, opportunities, efficiencies etc.
        
        be respected in society
        
        ambition
        
        not as necessary for survival
        
        increases odds of surviving and reproducing
        
        benefits group
      - development as social actor
        
        starts at 18 months
        
        toddlers recognize themselves in mirror by 2
        
        first words likely me or mine
        
        shame guilt and pride develop helping with performance and belonging to group
        
        Freud ego developmental theory
        
        Erikson sense of autonomy develop here
        
        Mead self known by reflection
        
        starts simple then experience causes it to become more complex and add hobbies or social roles as they get older
      - traits
      - roles
      - reputation
    - - delopment of goal oriented ways
        
        birth: rooting reflex leads to feeding
        
        1 year: observing and imitating goal directed, intentional behaviour of others (not random behaviours)
        
        4 years: develop theory of the mind ex. where will sarah look for the ball (understands others behaviour is motivated by inner desire and goals
        
        5 and 7: plan goals in more systematic ways
      - Identity
        
        Erikson: Developmental challenge of identity
        
        streamlined in healthy environments we children given gradua freedom and independence
        
        tight contraints or social pressure delay formation of a cohesive identity indefinitely unless released
        
        affects social roles and how we perceive our traits
        
        always evolving
    - - Erikson: not just agent or actor
        
        temporal continuity
      - Narrative Identity (develops after agent)
        
        tell stories about experiences to others
        
        monitor feedback
        
        gain new experiences
        
        introspection
        
        edit past unconciously (protective)
      - Ego
        
        The totalitarian ego
        
        ego, or self is an organization of knowledge
        
        ego is characterized by cognitive biases strikingly analogous to totalitarian information-control strategies
        
        these biases serve to preserve organization in cognitive structures
        
        biases
        
        egocentricity
        
        beneficience
        
        cognitive conservatism
- - - - Imitation, Mimicry, automatic empathy (chimps)
        
        joint attention, visual perspective taking
        
        projection, simulation
        
        mental state interference
        
        synchrony
- - - - anterior cingulate cortex- pain and pleasure also involved in monitoring social connections
      - oxytocin: social bonding
  - - - diary studies
      - life alone technique
      - Get acquainted technique
- - - - scripts
    - - representative heuristics
      - availability heuristic
    - - random
      - systematic
  - - - planning fallacy
      - affective forecasting
        
        impact bias
        
        durability bias
        
        focalism
    - - motivated skepticism
    - - mood also affects judgement
    - - repetition
      - practice
      - repeated associations
      - innate
        
        chameleon effect
      - automatic judgements
        
        stereotypes
- - - - observing
        
        think of questions
        
        generate a specific testable prediction/ hypothesis
        
        operationalize the variables
      - ex. Triplett 1989
        
        first published experimental study in social psych
        
        described social facilitation
      - One study often spawns another
    - - benefit: control all factors that may affect the outcome
      - study one thing (one variable) at a time
      - Simple experimental design
        
        one dependent variable
        
        One independent variable
      - complex experimental designs
        
        more variables
        
        more information
        
        complete picture of what is happening
        
        ex. Dov Cohen et al (1996)
        
        culture of honor
        
        variable 1: are participants from culture of honor
        
        Southern: culture of honor
        
        higher anger ratings
        
        significant increased cortisol
        
        choose greater shock
        
        northern not culture of honor
        
        laugh off incident
        
        independent variables
        
        confederate insults participant
        
        publicly
        
        privately
        
        no insult (control)
        
        dependent variables
        
        Emotional reaction
        
        shocks for stress test (how many volts)
        
        rate likelihood of ambiguously provocative scenarios ** No regional difference in result
        
        saliva to measure cortisol and testosterone
        
        how different groups respond to aggression
        
        confederates
        
        cover story
    - - real world, unknowing participants
      - ex: Alice Isen and Paula Levin, 1972
        
        how emotions affect helping behaviour
        
        dependent variable
        
        did the subject stop and help confederate pick up papers
        
        100% who found dime helped
        
        1 in 25 of control helped
      - challenges
        
        balance between ensuring internal validity and external validity
      - ecological validity
    - - dont manipulate variables
      - just observe and attempt to draw conclusions
      - more ethical
      - correlational studies
      - cause-and-effect can sometimes be inferred
      - examples
        
        Robert Cialdini and colleagues
        
        students more likely to wear school clothing after wins (vs draws/ losses)
        
        Jenny Radesky et al
        
        parents absorbed in their device tend to ignore childrens behaviour followed by scolding, issuing repeated instructions or using physical responses
    - - Participants provide samples of ongoing behaviour
        
        pre-established intervals
        
        signal
        
        occurence of event
      - Methods
        
        ecological momentary assessment
        
        diary method
        
        experience sampling method
        
        beeper, fill out ?
        
        apps
        
        gold standard for studying daily life
      - examples
        
        Reed Larson and colleagues
        
        mothers and fathers record emotional states when beeped at
        
        mothers more positive away from homw
        
        Fathers more positive at home
        
        Stone Reed and Neale
        
        +/- experiences surrounding respiratory infection using daily experience sampling
        
        undesirable peaked and desirable dipped four to five days prior to participants coming down with cold
      - EAR- Electronically activated recorder
      - studying daily physiology
        
        heart rate
        
        ECG
        
        perspiration
        
        hormones
    - - larger samples than in person
      - less observer interference
      - objective
      - biases
      - honesty
      - misinterpretation of instruction
    - - priming experiments
        
        neural net
      - IAT: Implied association test
        
        match men to sciences more
    - - most ethical because data already exists
      - correlational
      - naturalistic
      - less time and resources
      - controversial facebook study
        
        transfer of emotional states from person to person
    - - research Ethics Boards (syphilliis, shock/ obedience to authority, stanford prison)
      - informed consent
        
        Privacy
        
        risks and benefits
        
        deception
        
        Debriefing