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34 year old male patient tested positive for HIV a year ago now has been…
34 year old male patient tested positive for HIV a year ago now has been diagnose with AIDS
ORGANS and CELLS of IMMUNE SYSTEM
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic Vessels
CELLS
Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Phagocytize bacteria
Lymphocytes
Natural Killer Cells
secretes chemical to kill any nearby pathogenic cells ( including our own but not intentionally )
B cells
Regulatory B-cells
regulate immune response
Memory B-cells
for next infection
plasma cell
actively release antibodies into fluids
T cells
T-Helper cell
activate macrophage
CD4
Tc (cytotoxic)
kills specific target
Perforins ( poke holes)
Grandzymes (signals cell to kill itself)
Regulatory T-cells
Keep Immune cells from overacting
involved in clonal deletion
CD4
Memory T-cells
immunity for next time
Monocytes
phagocytosis
Eosinophils
kill parasitic worms
Basilphils
release histamine
Dendritic Cell
capture anitgens and deliver to lymph nodes
Mast Cell
release histamine
detect damage
INNATE and ADAPTIVE Defenses
Innate Defenses
( Non-Specific )
Surface Barriers
Skin
keratin
sebum
acid
Mucous membrane
antibacterial proteins
lysozymes
HCL
Hair
traps and block pathogens from entering
Internal Barriers
Phagocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
mast cell
Kupffer cells
microglia
Fever
Caused by Pyrogens
raises Temperature
to kill pathogens
stimulates high metabolism
Natural Killer Cells
patrol body
secrete perforins ( poke holes in cells)
cytolytes
histamines
cytokines
Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferon
release by host cell
"warns" nearby cells to "lock/block" off sites to prevent pathogen to enter
antiviral drug
Complement Proteins
"tags" cells that needs to die
Inflammation
response to infection causing Vasodilation
Heat
histamine is release
Redness
histamine increase blood flow
Pain
the fluid that leaks out of vessels start to push on the nerve endings
Swelling
histamine causes the vessels to be permeable
so fluid leaks out
Adaptive Defenses
Humoral Immunity (B-cell)
B-Cell
when encountering antigen it clones itself
makes plasma proteins which produce antibodies or memory B-cells to remember pathogen
Antibodies are produce by B lymphocytes
triggered by antigens
self antigens
MCH 1
all cells have
MCH 2
specific cells ( dendritic, b-cells)
MCH 3
complement proteins
antigenic determinants
lock and key mechanism
cause immune response
determine how its going to attach
mature in the bone
B-cell goes to T-cell "ask permission"
to present antigen to stimulate an "army" (build)
Cellular Immunity (T-cell)
T-cells
when activated by antigen, stimulates macrophages to hunt and kill pathogen
Dendritic cells present antigens to T and B cells
so they can find the right match and begin cloning process
cell medidated
Indirect or direct killing the target
mature in the thymus
BACTERIA and VIRUSES
Bacteria
What is it
Living microorganisms
reproduce independently
binary fission (asexual)
Conjugation ( transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another through direct contact )
Prokaryotes
unicellar
Genetic material
single, circular chromosome is present
have ribosomes
cause localize infections
have a cell wall
How to Treat it
treat a bacterial infection with antibiotics
because its an actual living organism
in some cases, its best to let your body fight off the bacteria
Virus
What is it
non-living particle
Genetic material
either DNA or RNA not both
replicate only inside of the host cell ( cant survive without a host )
program the cells to make new viruses until the cell burst and die
do not have a cell wall ( but have a protein coat )
no cells (no organelles) at all
no ribosomes
Cause systemic infections
Very much smaller than bacteria ( electron microscope to see)
How to Treat it
no cure or antibiotics for Viruses
because they replicate inside your cells and if your were to give it antibiotics , you would be killing your own cells, essentially killing yourself
Viral infections require
Vaccinations
to prevent them in the first place
antiviral drug
which inhibits their development
your body generally has to fight off the virus itself
LYTIC and LYSOGENIC STAGES of VIRUSES
Lytic
Attachment
:
the phage attaches to the surface of the host cell
Penetration
:
the viral DNA/RNA enters the host cell
Synthesis:
the phage DNA/RNA replicates and the phage proteins are made
Assembly:
new phage particles are assembled
Release:
the cell lysis (burst) , releasing newly made phages
Lysogenic
Attachment:
the virus attaches to cell membrane
Penetration:
the virus injects its DNA into the host cell
Integration:
the virus DNA integrates with the host cell DNA becoming a prophage
the virus DNA and protein are synthesized and assembled into phages
The host cell reproduce normally, coping the prophage and transmitting it into daughter cells
many cell divisions produce a large population of infected cells
occasionally a prophage would exit the bacterial DNA, initiating the lytic cycle
the cell lysis (burst), releasing newly made phages
HIV and AIDS
HIV
HIV is the actual virus
attacks your T-helper cells ( which activates/stimulates your b-cells and cytotoxic that actually attack/kills pathogens)
Diagnosed
:
A blood or saliva test can detect antibodies that your body produce to determine if the virus is present
results may take several weeks
Another test look for antigens that the virus produced
results can be made days after the infection
AIDS
AIDS is the condition resulting from having the virus HIV
develops when HIV has caused serious damage to the immune system
Diagnosed
:
a T-helper cell count can be done
Another factor signaling that AIDS has developed is the presence of opportunistic infections
Getting sick from a disease that won't make a "normal" person sick
Direct Causes
Sexually transmitted
Blood
Semen
Seminal-Fluid
Vaginal sex
Anal sex
Oral Sex
Sharing Injection drug needles
Indirect Causes
Mother can pass the infection through birth or breastfeeding
Blood Transfusion
Sharing sex toys with an infected person
His initial diagnose of HIV to AIDS in a year span may be because he didn't take his Medicine that slows the virus down from developing so fast
Destroying T-helper cells will lead too..
No or not enough antibodies being produce by the b-cells
cytotoxic cells are not being stimulated
overworking the innate response
not working properly
body stop responding to fight
develops AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome )
body loses majority of its cellular immunity, which leaves him nothing to protect against
and getting severely sick from a simple cold
possibly stop producing
tons of leukocytes being produce to fight off pathogen (Leukocytosis)
Leukemia (cancer)
can't fight infection like normal leukocytes
overtime the patient might not have enough erythrocytes to supply oxygen because it over crowded
body might try to start producing more erythrocytes for more oxygen, blood will start to become thick ( viscous )
when the blood is too thick, it will start to move more sluggish and possibly clot
which can lead to a stroke
might develop anemia