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early contempory times (Spanish politics in the 19yh century (The reing of…
early contempory times
Revolutions in the 18th century
The French Revolution:
In France 1789
Cause: the injusticies of absolutism
Consequence: people organised a goverment
The Industrial Revolution:
18th century in England
Cause:steam engine invention
Changes in the 19th century
Social changes:
Upper class
Middle class
Lower working class
Tecnical and medical advances:
Vaccines
Agriculture
Consequence: population growth
Political movements:
Demanded suffrage
Demanded working and living conditions
Strikes
Spain at the beginning of the 19th century
The War of Independence (1808):
Carlos IV Fernando VII were fighting.
Napoleon invaded Spain.
He put Jose I Bonaparte on the throne.
People of Madrid rose up and War of Indepencence began.
The birth of liberalism:
spanish people were also in conflict.
Great Britain was fighting againt napoleon.
in 1812 the Cortes de Cádiz took place.
The first Constitution was written.
The return to absolutism (1833):
Fernando VII returned to the throne.
He abolished the Constitution ans restored absolutism.
Confromtations between liberals and absolutists.
the colonish in America proclaimed their independence.
Spanish politics in the 19yh century
The reing of Isabel II:
In 1843 Isabel was procaimed Queen.
The liberals formed two parties:
Moderate Liberals
: represented by Narváez and supported by wealthy classes. They approved the Constitution of 1845.
Progressive
: led by Espartero and represented the middle and lower classes.
A period of democracy:
in 1868 a military group rose up and the Queen went into exile in France.
The Constitution of 1869 established a parliamentary monarchy. The monarch does not rule the country. The chosen king was Amadeo I.
Amadeo I renunce the throne in 1873.
The First Republic was procaimed in 1874 meaning the firts goverment without a king.
A war for the throne (1833):
Fernando VII changed the Law of Succession and Isabel became queen.
Queen Maria Cristina of Bourbon ruled as regent. Carlos brother of Fernando VII disagreed with the law.
Carlos was supported by the absolutists (Carlists) and Queen Regent was supported by the liberals who approved the Constitution of 1837.
The absolutists and the liberal fought in the First Carlist War.
The Bourbon Restoration:
Alfonso XII of Bourbon son of Isabel II was restored to the throne.
The Constitution of 1876 was more conservative and allowed alternating Conservatis led by Cánovas Del Castillo and the Liberals led by Sagasta.
The king died and his wife, María Cristina of Habsburg ruled as regent. During her regency, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines.
Spanish society in the 19th century
Society:
The bourgeosie became rich and also the dominant social class.
The Industrial Revolution brought serious social problems such as harsh working conditions and child exploitation in the factories. People in rural areas lived in extreme poverty, reason for the political demands.
Art and culture:
Romanticism
: at the begining of the century, it reflected the revolutionary atmosphere.
Realism
: in the middle of the century, it showed the most disadvantaged aspects of the industrial society.
Impressionism
: at the end of the century, it was influenced by tehnological advances.
Generation of 98
: they criticised Spanish society and called for the modernisation.
Scientific advances
: researches achieved scientific advances and Ramon y Cajal received the First Nobel Prize for Science.
Economy and Industrialisation:
The Industrial Revolution arrived in the Basque Country, Catalonia and the large cities.
Most of the population still worked in the fields and England or Germany used advanced machinery.
Modern forms of transport appear
ed on the second half of the century = industrialisation economic development.
