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Analysing the demand for tourist travel (TOURISM STATISTICS (Summary of…
Analysing the demand for tourist travel
Data sources on international tourist travel
Emergent
Japan 🇯🇵
64 - 67% commercial and passenger vehicles
Africa 🇿🇦
notable
newly industrialised countries (NICs)
increased mobility
developed regions
15% population
26% of the earth's area
60% world's commercial vehicles
Bus and coach travel statitstics
coach market (NWRDA)
spent £120 mil/year
1:20 all domestic staying trip in NW England
dominant locations: Blackpool (50%), the Lake District (30%)
2$mill trips/year
coach travel
inter-urban
rural
urban-based trips
sparsely documented
provide a generic overview
still have considerable potential for growth
still being underestimated
hop on/hop off basis
airport shuttle services and tailor-made services
employs around 10 mil people
Aviation statistics
collected by national aviation organisation
outline the origin and destination of terminal passengers
ICAO 2007 annual report
2007
schedule traffic volumes
Germany 🇩🇪: 5%
UK 🇬🇧: 5%
Japan 🇯🇵: 6%
USA 🇺🇸: 31%
international scheduled traffic
American airlines: 17%
Japan: 6%
Germany//UK: 7%
distribution
Asia - Pacific 🌏: 29%
African 🌍: 2%
airline carried 2.260 million passengers
European 🌍: 27%
North America 🌎: 33%
Latin American, Caribbean, Middle Eastern: 4%
trends in passenger loading
69% (2001) due to 9/11
65% (1993) ➡️ 71% (2002)
76% (2006)
77% (2007)
contraction
2004: Beijing enters as 9th place
2003: highlight dominance of US airport
the data is unable to identify leisure trips and tourist
data dependent upon airport willingness to report
Sources
Asian
Statistical Abstract of Transport in Asia (2003)
Statistical Yearbook of Asia and the Pacific (2007)
World
United Nations Statistical Yearbook
Rail travel statistics
OECD in Figures 2005 - Transport
Trends in Transport Sector 1997 - 2000 (OECD 2002)
EU's Energy and Transport in Figures
data from UIC
well documented
TOURISM STATISTICS
PROBLEM IN USING TRANSPORT AND TOURISM STATISTICS
The sample sizes are often small and selective in geographical coverage, offering little more than an insight into a region, market segment or mode of transport
Developing a better understanding of the tourism–transport–leisure interface requires that statistics are collected with a clear purpose in mind and the end user needs to be clearly identified
Researchers need to use as many different data sources as they can access, triangulating them to try and corroborate their findings and to establish some measure of the volume, patterns and activities of visitors using different forms of transport during their tourism activities
The statistics rarely link transport and tourism together
Researchers need to be aware of the limitations of the statistical sources they use and acknowledge who the statistics are collected for, the methodologies used and the inherent weaknesses
The statistics are collected, which in most cases are for government recording purposes or for industry groups
INTERNATIONAL TOURIST TRAVEL
TRENDS AND PATTERNS
The Middle East received 15.3 million arrivals in 1996 and 30 million in 2003 and 48 million in 2007
The East Asian Pacific (EAP) region continued to experience a rapid growth in arrivals between 1986 and 1996, with 87 million arrivals, which reached 131 million in 2002 and dropped to 119 million in 2003 due to the effect of SARS
International tourist arrivals have risen from 25 million in 1950 to
593 million in 1996 and 694 million in 2003, 903 million in 2007 and 924 million in 2008
East Asia Pacific supplanted the Americas into third place, with 20 per cent of all arrivals compared to the Americas with 16 per cent.
In 2007, Europe still dominated the overall market share with 52 per cent of arrivals
Between 1990 and 2000 world arrivals grew 42 per cent
In 2006–2007, arrivals grew by 6.6 per cent, while tourist receipts grew by 5.6 per cent to US$85 billion
Africa received 20.6 million arrivals in 1996 and 30 million in 2003 rising to 44 million in 2007, accounting for 5 per cent of all arrivals
3 common types of tourism survey
pre-travel studies of tourist intended travel habits and likely use ò tourist transport
studies of tourist in transit or at their destination, to provide information on their actual behaviour and plans for the remainder of their holiday or journey
post-travel studies of tourist once they have returned to their place of residnece
Summary of tourism statistics
World summary of international tourism statistics
Tourism motivations
Tourism accommodation
Country studies that examine the detailed breakdown of tourism statistics collected for each area, including tourism seasonality
Arrivals of cruise passengers
Tourism payments
Tourist arrivals
Trends in world international tourism arrivals, receipts and exports
Accommodation capacity by regions
Domestic tourism
INSIGHT INTRO
Tourist arrivals in different regions of the world and for specific countries
Tourist expenditure on transport-related services
The number of nights spent in different countries by tourist
The volume of tourist trips
Types of tourism
CRUISING AND FERRY TRANSPORT STATISTICS
The need for a public tender process
Tendering the entire network
Tendering specific routes or a group of routes
Scotland–Northern Ireland international ferry route carries around 2 million passengers a year, with demand highly seasonal and reflected in enhanced summer sailings and limited winter services
In contrast to the ferry sector, data is more problematic for the cruising sector
Caledonian McBrayne services carrying 5.3 million passengers a year including 1.1 million cars
MOTIVATION, TOURIST TRANSPORT RESEARCH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES
The links between motivation, life cycle, transport roles and the travellers experience
Travellers' motives and motive patterns
Additional motivational emphases
Security
Autonomy
Nostalgia
Recognition by others
Involvement with host site/people
Isolation
Romance
Suggested core motivation
Novelty
Relationships
Personal development
Escape and relaxation
Transport's multiple roles
Dominates the experience
Travelling style is the main experience
Full inhibitor
Travel not undertaken, even if desired
Integrated element
Travel style meshed with the experience
Functional link
Travel evalueted for efficiency - instrumental levels of satisfaction
Significant constraint
Travel endured
Life cycle and experience factors
Family status
Age
Previous travel experience
Living arrangements
Transport determinants
Availability
Kind of access provided
Cost
Competitors
"Motivation is about the causes of personal action in tourism and other activities"
Infrastructure development in developing countries: experiences from Asia-Pacific
Cases with infrastructure development
medium income economies
well developed urban public transport system
airport policy based on hub + spoke operations Asian hub
expressway networks of road
low income countries
congestion
roads in poor condition though expanding tourism economy
limited element of privatisation supply-led
high income countries
tourism grows
intergrated transport network
tourism grows
major infrastructure investment programme
in supply-led mode, latent demand existed development
THE INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR TOURIST TRAVEL: UNDERSTANDING WHY PEOPLE TRAVEL
Reasons
The pursuit of relaxation and recuperation functions
Social interaction
The strengthening of family bonds
An opportunity for play
Wish fulfilment
A desire to escape from a mundane environment
Educational opportunities
Shopping
Prestige
Classify tourists according to the type of holiday
The explorers
The drifter
The organised mass tourist
The individual mass tourist
Alternative approaches to understanding future demand for tourism and transport services: scenario planning
Forecasting the demand for tourist transport