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5.6 Threats to aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services (ECOSYSTEM &…
5.6 Threats to aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services
MARINE BIODIVERSITY
The greatest marine biodiversity occurs around coral reefs, estuaries, and the deep- ocean floor
Biodiversity is greater near the coasts than in the open sea because of a large variety of producers and habitats in coastal areas
Biodiversity is generally greater in the bottom region of the ocean than in the surface region because of the larger variety of habitats and food sources on the ocean bottom ma
MAJOR THREATS TO AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
Human activities
1.
Dams and canals
: floods and destroys terrestrial habitats upstream
Flood control levees and dikes built along rivers:
disconnect rivers from their food-plains, destroy aquatic habitats, and alter or degrade the functions of adjoining wetlands
Pollutants and fertilizers
: runoff of nutrients into lake causes eutrophication
Draining and filling inland wetlands
THE BIG SIX: HIPPCO
Pollution
Overexploration
Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation
Invasive (nonnative) species
Population growth and increasing use of resources
Climate Change
Problems by unsustainable, industrialized fishing: overexploration, some target species will never recover because of invasive species, industry collapse, lost nets trapping and killing animals, by catch.
ECOSYSTEM & ECONOMIC SERVICES
oceans generate more than half o the oxygen we breathe
Food: about 40% of the world's people get 15-20% of their animal protein and essential nutrition from seafood
Climate Control: oceans help slow atmospheric warming and climate change by absorbing about 25% of the carbon dioxide produced by human activities. Ocean absorbs 90% of excess heat we add to the atmosphere
Coastal Protection: Natural barriers such as coral reefs, mangrove forest, and sea-grass beds reduce the impacts from tsunamis and major storms
Jobs: worldwide, about 850 million jobs in fishing and tourism depend on the oceans