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Physics B Brianna Strohbehn (Chapter 14: Vibrations and Waves (14.3 Wave…
Physics B Brianna Strohbehn
Chapter 9: Momentum and Its Conservation
9.1 Impulse and Momentum
impulse: is the product of the average force on an object and the time interval over which it acts; measured in Newtons-seconds
momentum: product of the object's mass (m) and the object's velocity (v)
impulse-momentum theorem: the impulse of an object is equal to the change in its momentum
angular momentum: represented by the symbol L; the product of a rotating object's moment of inertia and angular velocity
9.2 Conservation of Momentum
closed system: does not gain or lose mass
isolated system: the net external force on a closed system is zero
law of conservation of momentum: the momentum of any closed, isolated system does not change
law of conservation of angular momentum: if no net external torque acts on an object, then its angular momentum does not change
Chapter 10: Energy, Work, and Simple Machines
10.1 Energy and Work
work: the product of the force and the object's displacement
energy: the ability of an object to produce a change in itself or the world around it
kinetic energy: energy resulting from motion (KE)
work-energy theorem: when work is done on an object, the result is a change in kinetic energy
joule: a unit of energy (J), named after physicist James Prescott Joule
power: equal to the work done, divided by the time taken to do the work; the rate at which the external force changes the energy of the system
watt: 1 joule of energy transferred in 1 second
10.2 Machines
effort force: the force exerted by a person on a machine
resistance force: the force exerted by the machine
mechanical advantage: the ratio of resistance force to effort
ideal mechanical advantage: equal to the displacement of the effort force, divided by the displacement of the load
efficiency: the ratio of output work to input work; represented by e
compound machine: a machine consisting of two or more simple machines linked in such a way that the resistance force of one machine becomes the effort force of the second
Chapter 11: Energy and Its Conservation
11.1 The Many Forms of Energy
rotational kinetic energy: a form of energy in a circular motion
gravitational potential energy: store energy, represented by the symbol PE
reference level: the position where PE is defined to be zero
elastic potential energy: the stored energy in a pulled string; often stored in rubber balls, rubber bands, slingshots, and trampolines
11.2 Conservation of Energy
law of conservation of energy: in a closed, isolated system, energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, energy is conserved
mechanical energy: the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of a system
elastic collision: a collision in which the kinetic energy does not change
inelastic collision: a collision in which kinetic energy decreases
Chapter 14: Vibrations and Waves
14.1 Periodic Motion
periodic motion: motions that repeat in a regular cycle
simple harmonic motion: the resulting motion from an interaction in which the force that restores the object to equilibrium position is directly proportional to the displacement of the object
period: the time needed for an object to repeat one complete cycle of motion (T)
amplitude: the maximum distance that the object moves from equilibrium
Hooke's Law: the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to the amount that the spring is stretched
pendulum: consists of a massive object, called a bob, suspended by a string or light rod of length; after the bob is pulled to one side and released, it swings back and forth
resonance: small forces are applied at regular intervals to a vibrating or oscillating object and the amplitude of the vibration increases
14.2 Wave Properties
wave: a disturbance that carries energy through matter or space
wave pulse: a single bump or disturbance that travels through a medium
periodic wave: the waves move up and down at the same rate
transverse wave: a wave that vibrates perpendicular to the direction of the wave's motion
longitudinal wave: the disturbance is in the same direction as, or parallel to, the direction of the wave's motion
surface wave: has characteristics of both transverse and longitudinal waves, typically found in water
trough: low point of a wave
crest: high point of a wave
wavelength: the shortest distance between points where the wave pattern repeats itself
frequency: the number of complete oscillations it makes each second
14.3 Wave Behavior
incident wave: the wave that strikes the boundary
reflected wave: the returning wave which includes some of the energy of the incident wave's pulse reflected backward into a larger spring
principle of superposition: the displacement of the medium caused by two or more waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual waves
interference: the result of the superposition of two or more waves
node: point N, which does not move at all
antinode: point A, the largest displacement
standing wave: the wave appears to be standing still
wave front: a line that represents the crest of a wave in two dimensions, can be used to show waves of any shape, including straight and circular waves
ray: a line drawn at a right angle to the crest of the wave
normal: the direction of the barrier also is shown by a line, which is drawn at a right angle to the barrier
law of reflection: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
Chapter 15: Sound
15.1 Properties and Detection of Sound
sound wave: a pressure variation that is transmitted through matter
pitch: depends on frequency and vibration, given a name on the musical scale
loudness: depends primarily on the amplitude of the pressure wave
sound level: amplitudes measured on a logarithmic scale
decibel: the unit of measurement for sound level
Doppler effect: the waves emitted from a source spread in circles centered on the source at the time it produced the waves
15.2 The Physics of Music
closed-pipe resonator: a resonating tube with one end closed to air
open-pipe resonator: a resonating tube with both ends open that will resonate with a sound source
fundamental: the lowest frequency
harmonics: odd-number multiples of the fundamental frequency
dissonance: an unpleasant set of pitches
consonance: a pleasant combination of pitches
beat: the oscillation of wave amplitude in two frequencies that are nearly identical
Chapter 16: Fundamentals of Light
16.1 Illumination
ray model of light: represented as a ray that travels in a straight path, the direction of which can be changed only by placing an obstruction in the path
luminous source: an object that emits light, such as the sun
illuminated source: an object that becomes visible as a result of the light reflecting off it
opaque: media that does not transmit light, but reflects some light
transparent: media that transmit light
translucent: media that transmit light, but do not permit objects to be seen clearly through them
luminous flux: the rate at which light energy is emitted from a luminous source (P)
illuminance: the illumination of a surface, the rate at which light strikes the surface
16.2 The Wave Nature of Light
diffraction: the bending of light around a barrier
primary colors: red, green, and blue
secondary colors: yellow, cyan, and magenta; formed by combining two primary colors
complementary colors: two colors of light that can be combined to make white light
primary pigment: a pigment that absorbs one primary color and reflects two from white light
secondary pigment: a pigment that absorbs two primary colors and reflects one color
polarization: the production of light in a single plane of oscillation
Chapter 17: Reflection and Mirrors
17.1 Reflection from Plane Mirrors
specular reflection: parallel light rays are reflected in parallel
diffuse reflection: the scattering of light off a rough surface
plane mirror: a flat, smooth surface from which light is reflected by specular reflection
image: the combination of image points produced by reflected light rays forms
virtual image: a type of image formed by diverging light rays
17.2 Curved Mirrors
concave mirror: a reflective surface, the edges of which curve toward the observer
principal axis: the straight line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror that divides the mirror in half
focal point: the point where incident light rays that are parallel to the principal axis converge after reflecting from the mirror
focal length: the position of the focal point with respect to the mirror along the principal axis
real image: an image that is formed by converging light rays
spherical aberration: makes an image look fuzzy, not sharp
convex mirror: a reflective surface with edges that curve away from the observer
Chapter 18: Refraction and Lenses
18.1 Refraction of Light
index of refraction: for a medium, is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium
Snell's law of refraction: the product of the index of refraction of the first medium and the sine of the angle of incidence is equal to the product of the index of refraction of the second medium and the sine of the angle of refraction
critical angle: a certain angle of incidence; the refracting ray that lies along the boundary of the two media
total internal reflection: light travels from a region of a higher index of refraction to a region of a lower index of refraction strikes the boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle such that all light reflects back into the region of the higher index of refraction
dispersion: white light separates into a spectrum of colors when it passes through a glass prism
18.2 Convex and Concave Lenses
convex lens: thicker at the center than at the edges; often called a converging lens when surrounded by material with a lower index of refraction
concave lens: thinner in the middle than at the edges; called a diverging lens
thin lens equation: relates the focal length of a spherical thin lens to the object position and the image position
chromatic aberration: an object viewed through a lens appears to be ringed with color
achromatic lens: a system of two or more lenses that have different indices of refraction
18.3 Application of Lenses
nearsightedness: also called myopia; the focal length of the eye is too short to focus light on the retina
farsightedness: also called hyperopia; the condition in which the focal length of the eye is too long