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Learning, Classical conditioning - Learning to make a reflex response to a…
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Classical conditioning - Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
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Higher-order Conditioning - occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
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Unconditioned response (UCR) - An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
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Operant Conditioning - The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
Punishment - Anything that, when following a response, decreases the probability that the response will occur again
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Reinforcement - Anything that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
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Reinforcement Schedules
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Partial Reinforcement - Reinforcement of some, but not all, correct responses
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Fixed Interval - The interval of time required for reinforcement is always the same (paycheck every two weeks, scheduled exams)
Variable Interval - The interval of time required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event (checking email, pop quizzes)
Fixed ratio - The number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same (video games, punch cards)
Variable Ratio - The number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event (slot machines, lottery tickets)
Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcer - Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
Secondary Reinforcer - Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Law of Effect - If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated / If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
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