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Analysing the demand for tourist travel (TOURISM STATISTICS (Summary of…
Analysing the demand for tourist travel
The international demand for tourist travel: understanding why people travel
Reasons
Prestige
Social interaction
The strengthening of family bonds
Educational opportunities
An opportunity for play
Wish fulfilment
The pursuit of relaxation and recuperation functions
Shopping
A desire to escape from a mundane environment
Classify tourists according to the type of holiday
The individual mass tourist
The explorers
The organised mass tourist
The drifter
Motivation, tourist transport research and psychological issues
"Motivation is about the causes of personal action in tourism and other acivities"
The links between motivation, life cycle, transport roles and the travellers experience
Travellers' motives and motive patterns
Suggested core motivation
Relationships
Novelty
Personal development
Escape and relaxation
Aditional motivational emphases
Nostalgia
Recognition by others
Romance
Isolation
Involvement with host site/people
Autonomy
Security
Transport's multiple roles
Full inhibitor
Travel not undertaken, even if desired
Significant constraint
Travel endured
Functional link
Travel evaluted for efficiency - instrumental levels of satisfaction
Integrated element
Travel style meshed with the experience
Dominates the experience
Travelling style is the main experience
Transport determinants
Kind of access provided
Availability
Cost
Competitors
Life cycle and experience factors
Living arrangements
Previous travel experience
Family status
Age
TOURISM STATISTICS
Summary of tourism statistics
Tourism accommodation
Country studies that examine the detailed breakdown of tourism statistics collected for each area, including tourism seasonality
Domestic tourism
Accommodation capacity by regions
World summary of international tourism statistics
Arrivals of cruise passengers
Tourist arrivals
Tourism motivations
Trends in world international tourism arrivals, receipts and exports
Tourism payments
CRUISING AND FERRY TRANSPORT STATISTICS
The need for a public tender process
Tendering the entire network
Tendering specific routes or a group of routes
Scotland–Northern Ireland international ferry route carries around 2 million passengers a year, with demand highly seasonal and reflected in enhanced summer sailings and limited winter services
Caledonian McBrayne services carrying 5.3 million passengers a year including 1.1 million cars
In contrast to the ferry sector, data is more problematic for the cruising sector
3 common types of tourism survey
post-travel studies of tourist once they have returned to their place of residnece
pre-travel studies of tourist intended travel habits and likely use ò tourist transport
studies of tourist in transit or at their destination, to provide information on their actual behaviour and plans for the remainder of their holiday or journey
INTERNATIONAL TOURIST TRAVEL
TRENDS AND PATTERNS
Africa received 20.6 million arrivals in 1996 and 30 million in 2003 rising to 44 million in 2007, accounting for 5 per cent of all arrivals
Between 1990 and 2000 world arrivals grew 42 per cent
East Asia Pacific supplanted the Americas into third place, with 20 per cent of all arrivals compared to the Americas with 16 per cent.
The East Asian Pacific (EAP) region continued to experience a rapid growth in arrivals between 1986 and 1996, with 87 million arrivals, which reached 131 million in 2002 and dropped to 119 million in 2003 due to the effect of SARS
International tourist arrivals have risen from 25 million in 1950 to
593 million in 1996 and 694 million in 2003, 903 million in 2007 and 924 million in 2008
In 2006–2007, arrivals grew by 6.6 per cent, while tourist receipts grew by 5.6 per cent to US$85 billion
The Middle East received 15.3 million arrivals in 1996 and 30 million in 2003 and 48 million in 2007
In 2007, Europe still dominated the overall market share with 52 per cent of arrivals
INSIGHT INTRO
Types of tourism
Tourist expenditure on transport-related services
The volume of tourist trips
The number of nights spent in different countries by tourist
Tourist arrivals in different regions of the world and for specific countries
PROBLEM IN USING TRANSPORT AND TOURISM STATISTICS
Researchers need to use as many different data sources as they can access, triangulating them to try and corroborate their findings and to establish some measure of the volume, patterns and activities of visitors using different forms of transport during their tourism activities
Researchers need to be aware of the limitations of the statistical sources they use and acknowledge who the statistics are collected for, the methodologies used and the inherent weaknesses
The sample sizes are often small and selective in geographical coverage, offering little more than an insight into a region, market segment or mode of transport
The statistics are collected, which in most cases are for government recording purposes or for industry groups
Developing a better understanding of the tourism–transport–leisure interface requires that statistics are collected with a clear purpose in mind and the end user needs to be clearly identified
The statistics rarely link transport and tourism together
Domestic tourism patterns in China: Development amid infrastructure constraints
Changes in demand for expanding infrastructure provision
Civil aviation routes
1990: 437 civil aviation routes;
385 of which were domestics
2006: 1336 routes;
of which 1068 were domestic
Airports
1990: 94
2006: 142
Civilian aircraft
1990: 503
2006: 1614
2007
China became the world's fourth most popular and fastest growing destination
The volume of travel has doubled from 16.6 million in 2002 to 40.9 million
China have recorded an average of 9% growth in GDP over the past 25 years
Infrastructure development in developing countries: experiences from Asia-Pacific
Cases with infrastructure development
high income countries
tourism grows
intergrated transport network
airport capacity
major infrastructure investment programme
low income countries
roads in poor condition though expanding tourism economy
congestion
limited element of privatisation ➡️ supply-led
medium income economies
expressway networks of road
airport policy based on hub + spoke operations ➡️ Asian hub
well developed urban public transport system
in supply-led mode, latent demand existed ➡️ development
Data sources on international tourist travel
Bus and coach travel statitstics
coach travel
rural
inter-urban
urban-based trips
hop on/hop off basis
coach market (NWRDA)
2$mill trips/year
spent £120 mil/year
dominant locations: Blackpool (50%), the Lake District (30%)
1:20 all domestic staying trip in NW England
still have considerable potential for growth
sparsely documented
airport shuttle services and tailor-made services
provide a generic overview
employs around 10 mil people
still being underestimated
Aviation statistics
ICAO 2007 annual report
2007
distribution
European 🌍: 27%
Latin American, Caribbean, Middle Eastern: 4%
African 🌍: 2%
airline carried 2.260 million passengers
North America 🌎: 33%
Asia - Pacific 🌏: 29%
schedule traffic volumes
Germany 🇩🇪: 5%
Japan 🇯🇵: 6%
UK 🇬🇧: 5%
USA 🇺🇸: 31%
international scheduled traffic
American airlines: 17%
Japan: 6%
Germany//UK: 7%
trends in passenger loading
76% (2006)
69% (2001) due to 9/11
65% (1993) ➡️ 71% (2002)
77% (2007)
collected by national aviation organisation
outline the origin and destination of terminal passengers
contraction
the data is unable to identify leisure trips and tourist
data dependent upon airport willingness to report
2003: highlight dominance of US airport
2004: Beijing enters as 9th place
Emergent
developed regions
60% world's commercial vehicles
26% of the earth's area
15% population
Africa 🇿🇦
notable
Japan 🇯🇵
64 - 67% commercial and passenger vehicles
newly industrialised countries (NICs)
increased mobility
Cruising and ferry transport statistics
Caledonian McBrayne services carrying 5.3 million passengers a year including 1.1 million cars
Scotland–Northern Ireland international ferry route carries around 2 million passengers a year, with demand highly seasonal and reflected in enhanced summer sailings and limited winter services
The need for a public tender process
Tendering specific routes or a group of routes
Tendering the entire network
In contrast to the ferry sector, data is more problematic for the cruising sector
Sources
Asian
Statistical Abstract of Transport in Asia (2003)
Statistical Yearbook of Asia and the Pacific (2007)
World
United Nations Statistical Yearbook
Rail travel statistics
data from UIC
Trends in Transport Sector 1997 - 2000 (OECD 2002)
well documented
OECD in Figures 2005 - Transport
EU's Energy and Transport in Figures