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MICROBIAL DIVERSITY (Eukaryota (Protist (Super-Group Excavata (Parabasilia…

- - - - Fornicata
        
        Microaerophilic protist
        
        Most are harmless symbionts with the following exceptions
        Giardia – causes diarrhea
        Hexamida salmonis – fish parasite
        H. meleagridis – turkey pathogen
      - Parabasilia
        
        Most are flagellated endosymbionts of animals
        
        Lack a distinct cytostome, use phagocytosis to engulf food
        
        Two subgroups: Trichonymphida and Trichomonadida
      - Euglenozoa
        
        *Commonly found in fresh water
        *Euglena is the representative phototroph
        
        *1/3 photoautotrophic, rest are chemoorganotrophs
    - - Amoeboid motility - use of pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding
      - Naked amoebae are surrounded only by a plasma membrane
    - - Stramenopila,
        
        Extremely diverse including
        diatoms
        
        Unifying feature is heterokont flagella
      - Alveolata
        
        Apicomplexa
        
        Distinguished by the unipolar apical complex
        
        Parasitic with complex life cycles
        
        Ciliophora
        
        Chemoorganotrophics
        
        Found in both benthic and planktonic communities in water and soil system
        
        Use many cilia as locomotory and feeding organelles
        
        Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)
        
        •Large group found in marine plankton
        cause phosphorescence/toxic blooms in seawater
        •Nutritionally complex
        •Trichocysts are defensive proteins
        •Symbiotic forms (zooxanthellae)
    - - Includes organisms containing a photosynthetic plastid that arose through an ancient endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium
  - - - Zygomycota
        
        Most are saprophytes
        a few are plant and animal parasites
        Form coenocytic hyphae containing numerous haploid nuclei
      - Glomeromycota
        
        Aseptate flat hyphae (appressoria) to penetrate host plants; produce large, multinucleate spores and only reproduce asexually
      - Ascomycota
        
        found in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats
        
        red, brown, and blue-green molds cause food spoilage
        
        some are human and plant pathogens
        
        some yeasts and truffles are edible
        
        some used as research tools
      - Basidiomycota
        
        examples include rusts, shelf fungi, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms
        sexual reproduction form basidium
        basidiospores are released at maturity
      - Microsporidia
        
        Obligate intracellular fungal parasites that infect insects, fish, and humans
        
        Structurally similar to ‘classic’ fungi
        contain chitin, trehalose, and mitosomes
      - Chytridiomycota
        
        Simplest fungi, also called chytrids
        free living, saprophytic
        parasitic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, insects
        found in the anoxic rumen of herbivores
        may be responsible for large-scale mortality of amphibians
- - - - thought to be deepest (oldest) branch of Bacteria
        contains one class, one order, and five genera
        
        Genus Aquifex
        Gram-negative rod
        thermophile
    - - Second deepest branch of Bacteria
        Contains one class, one order, and six genera
        best studied genus is Thermotoga
      - Gram-negative rods
      - Thermophiles
    - - Chlorobi,
        
        Green sulfur bacteria
        Consists of one class, Chlorobia; one order, Chlorobiales; one family, Chlorobiaceae
        Representative genera are Chlorobium, Prosthecochloris, and Pelodictyon
      - Chloroflexi,
        
        Green nonsulfur bacteria
        Has both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic members
        e.g. genus Chloroflexus – photosynthetic, use an unusual
        3-hydroxypropionate
        bi-cycle to fix CO2
      - Firmicutes
      - Cyanobacteria
        
        carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
        ::have two photosystems
        use water as an electron donor and generate oxygen during photosynthesis.
        the purple and green bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
    - - Gram-negative
      - Obligate intracellular parasites
      - One class, one order, four families, six genera
        genus Chlamydia is best studied
    - - Morphologically unique in having compartmentalized cells
      - Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
    - - Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria with distinctive structure and motility
    - - Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods, various shapes
        do not form endospores
        motile or nonmotile
        Chemoheterotrophs – fermentative
        Often found in oral cavity and intestinal tract of humans and other animals and the rumen of ruminants
  - - - archaeal unique membrane lipid, originally known as crenarchaeol (now known as thaumarchaeol), is widespread in nature
      - Recent cultured growth of mesophilic archaea
    - - Consists of many classes, orders, and families
      - Often divided informally into five major groups
        
        methanogens
        
        All methanogenic microbes are Archaea
        called methanogens: produce methane
        
        halobacteria
        
        Order Halobacteriales; 17 genera in one family, Halobacteriaceae
        
        Extreme halophiles (halobacteria)
        
        Aerobic, respiratory, chemoheterotrophs with complex nutritional requirements
        
        thermoplasms
        
        Class Thermoplasmata
        
        Thermoacidophiles
        
        Lack cell walls
        
        extremely thermophilic S0-metabolizers
        
        Motile by flagella
        
        Optimum growth temperatures 88–100°C
        
        Strictly anaerobic
        
        Reduce sulfur to sulfide
        
        sulfate-reducers
        
        irregular coccoid cells
        
        cell walls consist of glycoprotein subunits
        
        extremely thermophilic (optimum 83°C)
    - - Most are extremely thermophilic
        
        Most are strict anaerobes
        
        Some are acidophiles
        
        Many are sulfur-dependent