Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
34 year old male with confirmed AIDS diagnosis. (Organs and their cells…
34 year old male with confirmed AIDS diagnosis.
Organs and their cells
Skin
Dendritic cells
Spleen
Thymus
Bone marrow
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
NK Cells
Tonsils
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Liver
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
Adaptive Immune System
T Lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity
B Lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Plasma Cells
Synthesize and release antibodies
Innate Immune System
Skin
Epidermis and Dermis
Provide physical, chemical, and biological barrier
Normal flora
Help prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
Exfoliation
Removes potential pathogens from skin surface
Hyaluronic Acid
Slows migration of microbes that have penetrated epidermis
Sebaceous gland secretion
Create low pH that interferes with growth of microbes
Sweat gland secretion
Help wash away microbes
Contain antibacterial and antifungal substances
Mucous membranes
Epithelial and connective tissue
Provide physical, chemical, and biological barrier of body structures exposed to external environment
Normal flora
Help prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
Mucus
Thick secretion that help trap microbes
Contains antimicrobial substances
Respiratory Tract
Nasal Secretions
Contain antimicrobial substances
Vibrissae
Trap microbes in nose
Cilia
Sweep mucus in respiratory tract so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
Coughing and sneezing
Mechanical elimination of microbes or other foreign substances from respiratory tract
GI Tract
Saliva
Helps wash away microbes
Contains antimicrobial substances
Hydrochloric acid(HCI)
Creates low pH that destroys many bacteria, bacterial toxins, and other microbes that enter the stomach
Defecation and vomiting
Eliminate microbes before they can be absorbed into the blood
Urogenital Tract
Urine
Flow of urine flushes microbes from urinary tract
Lactate
Produced by vagina
Creates low pH that slows or prevents growth of microbes
Secretions
Lysozyme
Attacks cell wall of some bacteria
Gram + bacteria
Defensins
Forms pores in plasma membrane of microbes compromising their structure
Dermicidin
Antibacterial agent against both gram + and - bacteria
Antifungal agent
Immunoglobulin A
Binds with specific foreign substance
Lacrimal fluid
Washes microbes away from surface of eyes
Contains antimicrobial agents
Cerumen
Waterproofs external auditory meatus
May trap microbes in external ear
Functions of leukocytes
Neutrophils
Phagocytize
Engulf infectious agents and cellular debris
Digest unwanted substances with enzymes from lysosomes
Dendritic cells
Antigen presentaion
Macrophages
Phagocytize
Engulf infectious agents and cellular debris
Digest unwanted substances with enzymes from lysosomes
Antigen presentation
Basophils
Produce histamine, heparin, eicosanoids
Increase vasodilation, capillary permeability, anticoagulant, and inflammation
Mast cells
Produce histamine, heparin, eicosanoids
Increase vasodilation, capillary permeability, anticoagulant, and inflammation
NK Cells
Contact unhealthy cells
Destroy them by release of cytotoxic chemicals
Perforin
Forms transmembrane pore in unwanted cells
Granzymes
Enter cell through transmembrane pore initiating apoptosis
Form of cellular death in which cell doesn't rupture but shrivels
Helps limit spread of infectious agent
Eosinophils
Target parasites by releasing substances that are lethal to parasites
Enzymes
Reactive oxygen-containing compounds
Neurotoxings
T lymphocytes
Antigen processed and presented in plasma membrane or another type of cell
Able to recognize antigen
Helper T lymphocytes
Coordinate immune response
Activate NK cells
Initiate cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity
TH
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Release chemicals toxic to cells resulting in destruction
B Lymphocytes
Make direct contact with antigen
Antibodies enter blood and lymph and are transported to site of infection
Infection
Viral
Smaller than bacterial cell
NOT cells
Composed of DNA or RNA within protein capsid or shell
Obligate intracellular parasites
Enter cell to replicate
Ultimately kills cells it invades
Cause different diseases depending upon type of cell they infect
Example
Cold
Chicken pox
Ebola
HIV
Treatment
Vaccines
Immune response
Antiviral medications
Bacteria
Microscopic, single-celled organism
Composed of prokaryotic cells
Small
Lack nuclear envelope
Cytoplasm and DNA are enclosed by plasma membrane and cell wall
Capsule
increases ability to cause serious illness
Pili
Hair like structures that act like velcro for attaching to body structures
EX: E. coli
Release enzymes or toxins that interfere with function of cells
EX: clostridum tetani
Treatment
Antibiotics
Virus Stages
Lytic
Attachment
Page attaches to host surface
Penetration
Viral DNA enters host cell
Biosynthesis
Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made
Maturation
New bacteriophage particles are assembled
Lysis
Cell lyses, releasing newly made phages
Infect new cells
Normal process of viral reproduction involving penetration of the cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, and lysis of the host cell
Lysogenic
Phage infects a cell
Phage DNA becomes incorporated into the host genome
Cell divides, and prophage DNA is passed onto daughter cells
Under stressful conditions, prophage DNA is excised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle
Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made
New phage particles are assembled
Cell lyses, releasing newly made phages
Form of viral reproduction involving the fusion of the nucleic acid of bacteriophage with that of a host, followed by proliferation of the resulting prophage
HIV
Helper T Lymphocytes destroyed by HIV infection
Helper T Lymphocytes programmed to produce HIV RNA at such a fast rate that the cell undergoes lysis or bursts
Helper T Lymphocytes are targeted and destroyed by other immune cells like macrophages or cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Over period of time helper t lymphocyte population declines to dangerous low levels
Loss of normal immune fucntion
AIDS
Progression of HIV
When T Lymphocyte count drops below 200 cells per cubic millimeter
800 - 1200 cell per cubic millimeter for healthy
Person develops opportunistic infection or illness
Thrive due to compromised immune system
Have some form of CNS complication
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Neurologic deficits
Neuropathies
Direct Cause
Acquired infection through bodily fluid
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and rectal
Breast milk
Change to AIDS
Virus continues to replicate at a faster rate than immune system can rid itself of infected cells
Virus mutation
Stage set for AIDS
Indirect Cause
Unprotected sexual intercourse
Oral sex
Shared needles
Patient bodily fluids
HIV infected pregnant woman
Breastfeeding
Effect on normal immune system physiology
TH cells coordinate immune response which fight off infections
Body will be more susceptible to infections and unable to fight off virus because it will reproduce too quickly
Immediate effects on body
Flu-like symptoms days to weeks after contracting virus
Not seen in everyone
No true outward immediate effects on body
Indirect effects
Virus multiplying rapidyly
Amount of TH cells start to fall over time
TH cells start to divide to replace cells that are destroyed
AIDS is acquired through HIV due to body not being able to produce immunity to virus quickly enough
Untreated
Viral load will triumph immune system
Death within 6 months to 3 years from time of full blown development
Periods of serious sickness
Opportunistic infections eventually cause death
Immune system work
Although the immune system is severly weakened, does not mean it has stopped working to fight off the viral infection. It just means the virus is replicating and taking over faster than the lymphocytes can phagocytize leaving the body vulnerable to infection; which can eventually take over the body's defense.