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Organic Molecules (Function of ... (Proteins (Antibody-Antibodies bind to…
Organic Molecules
Function of ...
Carbohydrates
Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose.
Sparing the use of proteins for energy.
Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis.
Lipids
- they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules
Ex) triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides), phospholipids, and sterols
Proteins
Antibody-Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.
Enzyme-Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
Messenger-Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Structural component-These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.
Transport/storage-These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.
Nucleic Acids
-The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins. A related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that participate in protein synthesis.
Hydrocarbons
-The most important use of hydrocarbons is for fuel. Gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane; Also used to make things, including plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester.
4 Levels of Protein Structure
-distinguished from one another by the degree of complexity in the polypeptide chain
Primary
-The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
Secondary
-The regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
Teritiary
-The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
Quartenary
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The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits
Enzyme Structure
-Enzymes are made up of amino acids which are linked together via amide (peptide) bonds in a linear chain
Active site
-where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate (binding site) and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate (catalytic site).
Substrate
-The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site. There are two theories explaining the enzyme-substrate interaction. In the lock-and-key model, the active site of an enzyme is precisely shaped to hold specific substrates.
Substrate Enzymes
-To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. These molecules are the enzyme's substrates. ... This forms the enzyme-substrate complex.
Dehydration Synthesis
-Process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water
Monomers
-The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers
Polymers
-The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts