Automatic Processes - Require lower degree of conscious attention

Social Role-Playing - changing of one's behavior to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role

Narcolepsy - sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

Nightmares - bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

Night Terrors - relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) - a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

Sleepwalking or Somnambulism - occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep

Insomnia - the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

Dissociation - divided state of conscious awareness

Activation-information-mode Model (AIM) - information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

Wish Fulfillment - Freud’s belief regarding dreams

Sleep Apnea - disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

N1 - Light sleep; Hypnagogic images: hallucinations or vivid visual events; Hypnic jerk: knees, legs, or whole body jerks

N2 - Moderate sleep; Sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity lasting one or two seconds

N3 - Deep sleep; Body at lowest level of functioning; Time at which growth occurs

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - Stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids


REM Rebound - Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Microsleeps - Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

Physical Dependence - condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Drug Tolerance - the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve the same effect

Withdrawal - physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems

Alcohol- the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter

Opiates-suppress sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Tranquilizers- drugs having a depressant effect

Cocaine-produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

Amphetamine- stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature

Caffeine- a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances

Marijuana-mild hallucinogen (also known as “pot” or “weed”) derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant

PCP- synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

MDMA-designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

Circadian Rhythm - a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

Melatonin - hormone secreted by the pineal gland for sleep

Restorative Theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

Adaptive Theory - Sleep is a product of evolution