Woman with a diabetes mellitus and obesity has had a myocardial infarction.
DOWNSTREAM
INDIRECT
Background
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PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Pacemaker cells
Contractile cells
Action potential w/ pacemaker potential
Action potential w/ plateau
Na+ slowly goes in cell making more positive
Na+ floods the cell making it quickly depolarize
Threshold reached
Ca+ rush into cell and depolarizes it
Reaches max membrane voltage
Cell closes Ca+ channel and K+ leaves cell quickly
K+ leaving the cell= repolarization
Ca+ then slowly continues to release causing a plateau so that heart cannot tetany
The a rapid efflux of K+ which repolarizes the cells
Pericardium
Fiberous
Thick layer
Serous
Thin layer
Slipper
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Inside of the heart
Cardiac Skeleton
Keeps electrical signal on track
Heart Muscle
Outside of the heart
Chambers
Valves
Aorta
Pulmonary
Coronary
Trunk
Arteries
Veins
Atria
Ventricle
Right
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Pulmonary arteries (poor oxygen)
Lungs
Pulmonary veins (poor oxygen)
deliver blood directly to the heart tissue
From left atria
Vena Cava
Take blood (poor oxygen) from body to heart
Good oxygen
Deliver blood from heart tissue directly to right atria
poor oxygen
Right
Left
Poor oxygen
Left
Good Oxygen
Poor oxygen
Good oxygen
AV valves
SL valves
Tricuspid valve (1)
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (3)
Pulmonary semilunar valve (2)
Aortic semilunar valve (4)
Pathway of Blood
vitals
30 Breaths per minute
125 Beats per minute
Blood Pressure 95/55
Labored breathing
Gurgling in stethoscope
papilliary muscles of left ventricle failing
Mitrial valve also failing
Valves
Papillary muscles
Heart sounds
Blood pressure / heart function
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Bodily systemic circuit
Vena cava (superior/inferior)
Right atria
Tricuspid valve
Heart electrical signal pathway
right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artieries
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atria
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Bracheocephallic trunk
Left corotid
Left Subclavian
Right subclavian artery
Right corotid
Deliver blood to upper extremities
Descending aorta
Delivers blood to lower extremities
How fast the heart is beating and pushing blood out the ventricles
How much blood is being push out the ventricles
EDV
ESV
The preload
How much blood in ventricle before contraction
Afterload
How much blood left in the ventricle after contraction
The flow of blood through the body
Regulated by TPR, and CO (HR*SV)
Short Term regulation
Long Term regulation
Increase or decrease in HR, SV, or TPR
Increase or decrease in blood volume
Neural regulation
Hormonal regulation (some of them short term)
Chemical regulation
Barcoreceptor regulation
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine
ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide, Angeiotensin II
Regulate TPR
Regulates chemical factors that also happen to change BP
Stretching or recession of arerial walls will activate this receptor
Regulate HR and SV
Lub
Dub
Av valves closing
SL valves closing
Chordae tendonae
Controls AV valves
Muscles that prevents the AV valves from collapsing
Atrioventricular
Semilunar
Prevents blood back flow into atria from ventricle
Pulmonary
Aortic
Prevents back flow from aorta to left ventricle
Prevents backflow from pulumonary trunk to right ventricle
SA node (sinus rhythm)
AV node (junctional rhythm)
AV bundle
Right and left branches
Purkunje fibers
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
DIRECT
Overworked heart gave out
Weight of her body and the pressure that it put on her blood vessels and heart = over worked heart
Nutrition
(mabey) genetic predisposition
UPSTREAM
Flabby left ventricle
Failed mitrial valve
Blood will swish back into left artria
Consequences of the failed bicuspid valve
Problem branching into other systems
circulatory system tries to compensate with extreme vasoconstriction
Increased BP
Heart have to work harder to pump more blood
Left ventricle becomes over worked
Blood pressure plummets because heart cannot sustain a large amount of BPM anything over 75 is more than normal for resting
Weakening of left ventricle
Flabby useless ventricle
heart failure
Myocardial infarction
scarring of heart tissue
weak heart
Endocrine system releases hormones to keep fluid so BP and be steady
Nervous system release epi & norepi for vasoconstriction
inadequte amount of blood reaching digestive system
Body trying to keep heart alive