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Chapter 4 & 5 (Theories are explanations of a natural or social…

- - - - Propositions are associations postulated between constructs based on deductive logic.
      - Logic provides the basis for justifying the propositions as postulated. Logic acts like a “glue” that connects the theoretical constructs and provides meaning and relevance to the relationships between these constructs. Logic also represents the “explanation” that lies at the core of a theory.
        
        All theories are constrained by assumptions about values, time, and space, and boundary conditions that govern where the theory can be applied and where it cannot be applied.
      - The empirical formulation of propositions, stated as relationships between variables, is called hypotheses.
  - - - Agency Theory: the core assumptions of this theory are that human beings are self-interested individuals, boundedly rational, and risk-averse, and the theory can be applied at the individual or organizational level.
      - Theory of Planned Behavior: presumes that individual behavior represents conscious reasoned choice, and is shaped by cognitive thinking and social pressures
      - Innovation diffusion theory: The four key elements in this theory are: innovation, communication channels, time, and social system. Innovations may include new technologies, new practices, or new ideas, and adopters may be individuals or organizations.
      - Elaboration Likelihood Model: It explains how individuals can be influenced to change their attitude toward a certain object, events, or behavior and the relative efficacy of such change strategies.
      - General Deterrence Theory: holds that people are fundamentally rational (for both conforming and deviant behaviors), and that they freely choose deviant behaviors based on a rational cost-benefit calculation.
- - - - Popular Research Designs
        
        True Experimental Design, subjects must be randomly assigned between each group, cause-and-effect relationship.
        
        Field surveys are non-experimental designs that do not control for or manipulate independent variables or treatments, but measure these variables and test their effects using statistical methods.
        
        Cross-sectional Field Surveys: independent and dependent variables are measured at the same point in time, such as single questionnaire.
        
        Case research is an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings (case sites) over an extended period of time. Data may be collected using a combination of interviews, personal observations, and internal or external documents.
        
        Focus group research is a type of research that involves bringing in a small group of subjects (typically 6 to 10 people) at one location, and having them discuss a phenomenon of interest for a period of 1.5 to 2 hours.
        
        Enography: Data is collected primarily via observational techniques, formal and informal interaction with participants in that culture, and personal field notes, while data analysis involves “sense-making”.