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Ch.4 Theories in Scientific Research (Theories: explanations of a natural…
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Ch. 5 Research design
Popular Research Designs
Experimental studies are used to test cause-effect relationships in a tightly controlled setting by separating the cause from the effect in time, administering the cause to one group of subjects but not to another group, and observing how the mean effects vary between subjects in these two groups
Field surveys are non-experimental designs does not manipulate or control independent variable. It uses statistical measures to test the independent variables
cross-sectional field surveys, independent and dependent variables are measured at the same point in time, while in longitudinal field surveys, dependent variables are measured at a later point in time than the independent variables
Secondary data analysis is an analysis of data that has previously been collected and
tabulated by other sources.
have been collected in a systematic or scientific manner and hence unsuitable for scientific research
Research designs have four key design attributes: internal validity, external validity, construct validity and statistical conclusion validity
Construct validity- this examines how well a given measurement scale is measuring the theoretical construct that it is expected to measure.
External validity: whether the observed associations can be
generalized from the sample to the population
Statistical conclusion validity: examines the extent which conclusion derived using statistical procedures is valid. Interpretive research cannot apply this since it does not include statistical data.
Cone of Validity is the degree in research that provides a reasonable degree of internal and external validities. Most types of research designs fall within this region as it “guard against spurious correlation, inspire greater faith in the hypotheses testing, and ensure that results drawn in a small sample are generalized to the population at large”
Selecting Research Design: Researchers tend to pick the research design that they are most comfortable with instead of which research design best fits the research phenomenon being studied.
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