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Bacteria and Archaea (Major Groups of Bacteria (Proteobacteria (Subgroup:…

- - - - absent
    - - abensent
    - - present
    - - unbranched hydro-carbons
    - - one kind
    - - Formylmethionine
    - - very rare
    - - growth usually inhibited
    - - absent
    - - present
    - - no
  - - - absent
    - - absent
    - - absent
    - - some branched hydrocarbons
    - - several kinds
    - - methionine
    - - present in some genes
    - - growth not inhibited
    - - present in some species
    - - present
    - - some species
  - - - present
    - - present
    - - absent
    - - unbranched hydro-carbons
    - - several kinds
    - - methionine
    - - present in many genes
    - - growth not inhitbited
    - - present
    - - absent
    - - no
- - - - Peptidoglycan
        
        a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides found in cell walls
      - Gram stain
        
        a technique used to categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition
      - Gram-postive
        
        bacteria that have relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
      - gram-negative
        
        walls of bacteria that have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids)
      - capsule
        
        this sticky layer of polysaccharides or protein that surrounds the cell wall
      - endospores
        
        when cells lack water or essential nutrients bacteria develop these resistant cells
      - fimbriae
        
        hairlike appendages used to stick to their substrates
      - pili
        
        appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other. Pili are sometimes referred to as sex pili
    - - Obligate aerobes
        
        must use O2 for cellular respiration and and cannot grow without it.
      - Obligate anaerobes
        
        metabolism that poisoned by O2
      - anaerobic respiration
        
        a way to extract chemical energy
      - Facultative anaerobes
        
        use O2 if it is present but can also carry our fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environments
    - - nitrogen fixation
        
        a process where some Cyanobacteria and some methanogens convert atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia
    - - heterocyst
      - biofilms
    - - heterocysts
        
        specialized cells carryout nitrogen fixartion
      - biofilms
        
        metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies
- - - - Photoautotroph
        
        energy source
        
        light
        
        Carbon Source
        
        Co2, HCO3^-, or related compound
        
        Types of Organisms
        
        Photosynthetic prokaryotes (for example, cyanobacteria); plants; certain protists (for example, algae)
      - Chemoautotroph
        
        energy source
        
        Inorganic Chemicals (such as H2S, NH3, or Fe^2+
        
        Carbon Source
        
        CO2, HCO3^- or related compound
        
        Types of Organisms
        
        Unique to certain prokaryotes (for example, Sulfolobus)
  - - - Photoheterotroph
        
        energy source
        
        light
        
        carbon source
        
        organic compounds
        
        types of organisms
        
        unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes (for example, Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus
      - Chemoheterotroph
        
        energy source
        
        organic compounds
        
        Carbon Source
        
        Organic compounds
        
        Types of Organisms
        
        Many porkaryotes (for example, Clostridium) and protists; fungi; animals; some plants