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Roots (Other Types of Roots and Root Modifications (Roots of Strangler…

- - - - Symbiotic relationship
      - Between Soil fungi and seed plants
    - - All woody forest plants
      - Fungal hyphae penetrate between
      - Outermost root cortex cells
        
        Never invade the cells themselves
    - - Herbaceous plants
      - Hyphae penetrates the root cortex to epidermis
      - Pass through wall of cortex
        
        cannot pass through casparian strip
        
        Invade the cells
        
        Do not break the host plasma membrane
  - - - Nitrogenous compounds
      - Only some prokaryotes can use N2
        
        Amino Acids
        
        Nucleotides
        
        At death it becomes available to others
    - - Bacterium attached to the convex side of hair
        
        Pushes into cell by means of tubelike invagination of cell wall
      - Tube like invagination
      - Bacterium sits in tube
      - Thread penetrates one cell after another
        
        Extends into roots inner cortex
    - - Adjacent cortical cells undergo meiosis and form
      - Simple
      - Compelx
        
        Vascular Tissue
        
        Endodermis
        
        Meristematic Region
  - - - Oxalis
      - Gladiolus
      - Crinum
  - - - Living attached to branches of trees
      - Roots spread along surface of bark
      - Often dangle freely in air
    - - Several layers of large dead cells
      - White in appearance
  - - - Roots of parasitic plants
      - Highly modified
    - - Secreting adhesive
      - Growing around a small branch or root
    - - Forcing a shaft of cells through host dermal
      - Expanding the haustorium radically cracking host epidermis
  - - - Brace trunk against wind
      - Upper side grows more rapidly
  - - - Deposit seeds on branch of other trees
      - Strangler fig seed will germinate
      - Roots will clinch to bark of host tree branch
      - Grow rapidly downward
  - - - Beets
      - Carrots
      - Celery
      - Permanent organs
    - - Permanent organs
      - Datura
      - Phlox
      - Daisies
- - - - Not mature though
    - - Protoderm is outermost layer
      - Provascular tissue
        
        Primary Xylem
        
        Primary Phloem
      - At Stem develop into
        
        Protoxylem
        
        Protophloem
      - Furthest from stem develop into
        
        Metaxylem
        
        Metaphloem
      - Ground tissue
        
        Between provascular tissue and protoderm
        
        Uniform parenchyma
        
        Differentiates into root cortex
    - - Little absorbtion occurs here
      - Most is absorbed for direct usage
  - - - No distinct boundary exists
      - Gradual differentiation of cells appear
    - - Cylinder shape
      - Causes minerals to not have free access to tissues
      - Innermost layer of cortical cells
      - Tangential walls
        
        Ordinary thin primary walls
        
        Closest to vascular tissues or cortex
      - Radial Walls
        
        Top, bottom, side of wall
        
        All touching other endodermis cells
        
        Encrusted in lignin and suberin
        
        Waterproofing
      - Casparian Strips
        
        Bands of altered walls
        
        involved in
        
        controlling types of minerals
        
        entering xylem water stream
    - - Between vascular tissue and endodermis
      - Irregular region
      - When lateral roots are produced
        
        Initiated in pericycle
  - - - Regular file of cells
      - Originate in Meristem
      - Extends into regions of mature tissue
    - - No disruptions
      - Because of
        
        Leaf Primordia
        
        Leaf traces
        
        Axillary Buds
    - - Mitotically inactive central region
      - Cells are more resistant to harmful agents
        
        Radiation
        
        Toxic chemicals
      - If root cap or apical meristem are damaged
        
        Quiescent center becomes active
        
        forms new apical meristem
  - - - Then they die
      - and get degenerated
    - - Irregular process
      - Only contain casparian cells #
      - Once thought to represent passageways
        
        Absorption of minerals
        
        merely slow to develop
    - - Absorption of minerals in root hair
        
        cause powerful absorption of water
        
        water pressure
      - If not mature endodermis
        
        Root pressure would be too strong
        
        Force the water to leak out into cortex
      - Result of continued endodermis maturation
        
        Formation of watertight sheath
        
        around vascular tissues
  - - - Divide and daughter cells grow forward
      - On edges
        
        Cells divide
        
        Expand rapidly outward
- - - - Monocot and Eudicot similar sized roots
      - Radicle dies becomes first stage
    - - Form of Taproot
      - Developed from embryonic root
      - Present in seed after germination
        
        Grows extensively
        
        Becomes larger root in system
    - - Do not arise from pre-existing roots
      - Functions
        
        Increase the absorptive
        
        Transport capacities of root system
      - Are not radicles
    - - Also known as branch roots
      - Single prominent taproots
        
        Much larger than rest
        
        Much more numerous
  - - - Secreted by Dictyosomes of root cap
      - Complex
        
        Polysaccharide
      - Function
        
        Lubricates passage of root through soil
        
        Causes soil to release nutrient ions
        
        Permits to diffuse rapidly towards root
    - - Inferior to root cap and apical meristem
      - Only a few millimeters long
      - Cells undergo division and expansion
    - - Thick layer of cells
      - Protects root apical meristem
      - Worn away from constant use
        
        Renewed by multiplication of cells
      - Most Superior portion of root
    - - Inferior to Zone of Elongation
      - epidermal cells extend to narrow trichomes
    - - Only part not elongated
      - Greatly increase surface area
      - Can extract water and minerals for plant
      - CO2 given off by respiration of root hairs
- - - - Endogenous origin
      - Mature regions
  - - - May be crushed
      - May be torn
      - May undergo cell division
        
        Form a thin covering over primordium
  - - - Localized to few cells
      - Creating small primordium
- - - - Very important in all plants
      - Provides stability
    - - Main site of carb storage during winter
      - Examples are
        
        Carrots
        
        Beets
        
        Radishes