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chapter 27 ((Charactarestics (Bacteria (Archea (Eukarya))), membrane…
chapter 27
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Metabolic adaptations
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oxygen in metabolism
obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2. some live by fermintation ; others extract chemical energy by
anaerobic respiration in which substances other than O2 such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains.
facultative anaerobes use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respirationin an anaerobic enviornment
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nitrogen
nitrogen fixation- some cyanobacteria and methogens convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. cells then convert this fixed nitrogen into into amino acids and other organic molecules
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prokaryote shapes
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cocci(spherical)- appear in singles, many and in clusters
Reproduction
Genetic variations occur when existing alleles are combined in new ways during meiosis and fertilization but aren't too common
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genetic recombination occurs through transformation, transduction,& conjugation
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transformation- the genotype and phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Major Nutritional Modes
Autotroph
Chemoautotroph
energy sources are inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2) . carbon sources are CO2, HCO3, types of organisms are certain prokaryotes(sulfolobus)
Photoautotroph
its energy source is light, its carbon source is CO2. HCO3 or related compound . the types of organsims are photosynthetic prokaryotes( cynobacteria) plants; certain protists( algae)
Heterotroph
Photoheterotroph
its energy source is organic compounds, its carbon source is organic compounds. its types of organisms many prokaryotes (clostridium) and protists; fungi; animals; some plants
Chemoheterotroph
an energy source is light, carbon sources are organic compounds, its types of organisms are aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes ( clostridium and protist; fungi; animals; some plants)