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CHF :<3: (Diagnostic
Test (Serum electrolytes, BUN and Creatine, BNP,…
CHF :<3:
Diagnostic
Test
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XRAY: cardiomegaly, pulmonary bascular congestion, Kerley B lines
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Echocardiogram: to assess for systolic and diastolic function, hypertrophy, chamber size, and blaze abnormalities
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Etiology
Heart failure is caused by several disorders, including diseases affecting the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, cardiac valves, vasculature, or metabolism.
The most common causes of systolic dysfunction are idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and valvular disease.
For diastolic dysfunction, similar conditions have been described as common causes, adding hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Pathophysiology
The adaptive mechanisms that may be adequate to maintain the overall contractile performance of the heart at relatively normal levels become maladaptive when trying to sustain adequate cardiac performance.
The primary myocardial response to chronically increased wall stress is myocyte hypertrophy, death due to apoptosis, and regeneration. This process eventually leads to remodeling, usually the eccentric type, and reduced cardiac output, causing a cascade of the neuro-humoral and vascular mechanism.
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