Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 6 Outline - Measurement of Contructs (Scaling (The process of…
Chapter 6 Outline - Measurement of Contructs
Scaling
The process of creating the indicators is called scaling. More formally, scaling is a branch of measurement that involves the construction of measures by associating qualitative judgments about unobservable constructs with quantitative, measurable metric units.
Conceptualization
Levels of Measurement
Operationaliztion
Reflective indicator
A measurement that
“reflects” an underlying construct.
Qualitative
Values of attributes may be non-numeric; however, qualitative data require qualitative data
analysis techniques, such as coding.
Indicators
Items for measuring
these constructs.
Semantic differntal
This is a composite (multi-item) scale where respondents are asked to indicate their opinions or feelings toward a single statement using different pairs of adjectives framed as polar opposites.
Binary scales
Binary scales are nominal scales consisting of binary items that assume
one of two possible values, such as yes or no, true or false, and so on.
Rating scales
Levels of measurement, also called rating scales, refer to the
values that an indicator can take (but says nothing about the indicator itself).
Unidemensional
Measured using a single
measure or test.
Guttman’s cumulative scaling method.
Designed by Guttman (1950), the cumulative scaling method is based on Emory Bogardus’ social distance technique, which assumes that people’s willingness to participate in social relations with other people vary in degrees of intensity, and measures that intensity using a list of items arranged from “least intense” to “most intense”.
Variable
Combination of indicators at the empirical level
representing a given construct.
Attributes
Each indicator may have several attributes.
Quantitative
Values of attributes may be numeric.
Formative indicator
A measurement that “forms” or contributes to an
underlying construct.
Ordinal scales
Measure rank-ordered data, such as the ranking of students in a class as first, second, third, and so forth, based on their grade point average or test scores.
Ratio scales
Those that have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales, and in addition, also have a “true zero” point (where the value zero implies lack or non-availability of the underlying construct).
Interval scales
The values measured are not only rank-ordered, but are also equidistant from adjacent attributes. For example, the temperature scale (in Fahrenheit or Celsius), where the difference between 30 and 40 degree Fahrenheit is the same as that between 80 and 90 degree Fahrenheit.
Normal scales
Also called categorical scales, measure categorical data. These scales
are used for variables or indicators that have mutually exclusive attributes
Likert scales
Designed by Rensis Likert, this is a very popular rating scale for measuring ordinal data in social science research. This scale includes Likert items that are simply-worded statements to which respondents can indicate their extent of agreement or disagreement on a five or seven-point scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”.
Guttman scale
Designed by Louis Guttman, this composite scale uses a series of items arranged in increasing order of intensity of the construct of interest, from least intense to most intense.
Thurstone's equal-appearing scaling method
Louis Thurstone. one of the earliest and most famous scaling theorists, published a method of equal-appearing intervals in 1925. This method starts with a clear conceptual definition of the construct of interest. Based on this definition, potential scale items are generated to measure this construct. These items are generated by experts who know something about the construct being measured.
Likert’s summative scaling method.
The Likert method, a unidimensional scaling method developed by Murphy and Likert (1938), is quite possibly the most popular of the three scaling approaches described in this chapter.
Multidemensional
Consist of two or more underlying dimensions. Measured using different tests.