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Stylistic devices (Types of meaning (Emotive meaning (жінка) (Stylistic…

- - - - Primary and secondary
        (він був міністром)
        
        If you consult the dictionary.
        The first meaning will be primary, the rest – secondary
        
        land – solid part of the earth serface. All other meaningns – secong.
        
        Stylistic devices based on the interaction of primary and derivative meanings
        
        Zeugma
        
        A use of a polysemantic word referring to two adjacent (сусідні) words in the context in different semantic relations.
        (в нашій квартирі багатодітна сім'я тому ми представляємо полісемантичне слово
        adjacent - перекладається як сусіднє, тому представляють наших сусідів;
        context - під'їзд;
        semantic relation - з одними ми близько живем а з іншими трошки дальше)
        
        It is a kind of a play upon words because
        the word on which the device is based make one combination in the primary meaning( usually literal)
        the other combination in the derivative meaning (figurative or metaphorical)
        
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        Pun
        
        Based on
        
        Homophones (sound the same, spelling - diff)
        
        Pair, pear - груша. І зразу біля пальми груша росте з телефонами.
        
        One word expressed, another implied
        
        садили квіти а виросла картопля
        
        Play upon
        
        literal and figurative meaning
        Сонце то світить то сміється.
        
        verb-adv combinations
        (Хлопці з дівчатами граються в пісочниці).
        
        grammatical and phonetic structures
        Бабуся(grams) в телефоні сидить.
        
        Homographs (simmilar spelling but different pronounce)
        
        Palm - долоня, пальма. Пальма в нас біля будинку на якій гомограф.
        
        Is a device based on the simultaneous realization of primary and derivative meaning.
        
        It is a play upon words.
        (ігровий майданчик біля будинку з піском)
        
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      - Direct and indirect (methaphorical / transpared – пряме і переносне)
        (спілкувався тільки в дірект)
        
        One word can be used in direct and indirect meaning.
        
        Hedgehog – animal, unmanageable person.
      - Dictionary and contextual
        (не знав укр слів і див в словник)
        
        Dictonary meaning is materialized in the context,
        contextual meaning is born in the contextual.
        
        You look awful
        you look awfully good.
        
        Stylistic devices based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings
        
        Metaphor (метроном) A=B
        
        Personification
        (в метрономі закрили людину)
        
        is a variety of metaphor
        
        inanimate objects(неживі пред), phenomena(явища) processes
        are presented as human beings
        перстень (неживий предмет, викликає явище блискавки, зробили його з гравіюванням) як людину
        have feeling, thought,
        can speech, perform action etc.
        
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        shows existing or supposed likeness btw objects
        
        He is a night Owe
        Their ideas are difficult to swallow
        
        types
        
        structurally we can define
        
        Sustained
        (з нього можна пити суп)
        
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        Simple
        (нічого не поп'єш)
        
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        Stylistic
        (метроном що робить постійно собі зачіски чи стильно одягається)
        
        are created by the fancy of the writer
        
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        Trite (hackneyed)
        (метроном зрадник, який то цокає повільно то швидко)
        
        have lost their expressiveness due to long use
        (втратили свою точність через те що їх довго використовували)
        have no stylistic value and they are just used as set expression.
        (стали звичайними предметами)
        
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        Metonomy
        
        It’s a real life association(зв'язок) between the object named and object implied(мається на увазі)
        They’re frequently related to each other.
        
        types:
        
        The result for the cause.
        
        Gray hair(=elderly ppl) should be respected
        (результат старіння)
        
        The cause for the result.
        
        This author lives by his pen, only. (=by writing)
        We need some new faces around here.
        
        The symbol for the thing signified.
        (з ним прийшла корона (королева)
        
        The crown(queen monarchy) had to yield(listen to them and do whatthey demanded) to the demands of the people.
        
        The characteristic feature for its bearer.
        (прийшов костюм(поліцейський)
        
        The room was full of uniforms(students, soldiers, policemen)
        
        An instrument for the action.
        (офіціант має пістолет)
        
        The sword is the worst argument that can be used.
        
        The container for the thing contained.
        (чайник на животі кипить в неї)
        
        The kettle boils.
        
        The name of a thing for its owner
        (замовили сендвіч)
        
        The sandwich is waiting for his check (the customer who ordered it)
        
        Material for(instead of) the thing made of it.
        (розплатились золотом замість грошей)
        
        He paid in gold(coins).
        
        The principle of proximity(short distance btw the objects).
        (сіли за стіл і ноги скоротились)
        
        The table(ppl) was pleased with the dinner.
        
        Synecdoche
        
        Is a variety of metonymy
        
        is based on the relationship between a part and the whole or
        the whole and its part, the singular and the plural
        
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        Irony
        
        dictionary and contaxtual meanings stand in opposition to each other.
        (зовнішність і душа не сходяться)
        
        It shouldn’t be confused with humor
        humor is more well-meaning,
        irony often expresses ridicule, mockery(насмішка), anger, some-times haitery.
        (вона не розуміє гумору, тільки вміє висміювати, насміхатись, злитись, іноді ненавидіти)
        
        types
        
        Verbal
        (дружить з вербою бо вона теж рижа)
        
        The word on which device is based on can be spotted.
        (волосся на якому базується іри популярність можна легко помітити
        
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        Sustained
        (дружить з сусом)
        
        it’s not possible to indicate exact word that creates the ironic effect,
        that's why the ironic effect is achieved by several sentences or the whole text. ( не так легко помітити її волосся коли вона з ним, Іра досягає популярності за допомогою кількиз пасм кольорових волосся або зовсім іншого коліру)
        
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  - - - Epithet
        
        emphasize some quality of an object both existing and imaginary.
        
        shouldn’t be confused with a logical attribute (wooden table)
        
        function is to show the subjective evaluative attitude of the speaker to what is described.
        
        types
        
        Fixed
        (їхні ноги ланцюгом )
        
        related to folklore, holidays etc
        
        ‘true love, Merry Cristmas, and mass
        nuthouse of a city! = city like a nuthouse
        
        *Homeric works
        
        swift-footed Achilles, rosy-fingered down
        
        Affective/emotive proper
        
        most qualifying words in the dictionary,
        
        gorgeous, nasty, magnificent
        
        Figurative/transferred (образний, переносний)
        
        smiling sun, a sleepless pillow, a ghost-like face
        
        are expressed by
        (semantic)
        
        Adjective, qualitative adv
        
        anxious look,
        to answer bitterly/harshly
        
        Nouns
        
        you, ostrich! (трус)
        
        Postpositive attributes
        
        Richard the Lion Heart, Henry the Blue Beard
        
        Structural types
        
        Single
        (C був 1)
        
        Paired
        (з кимось)
        
        a tired old town
        
        Chain/string (3-20)
        (його переслідували)
        
        You’re a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature!
        
        Two-step (consist of adv + adj)
        (ноосив на каркошах)
        
        a pompously majestic female; an unnaturally mild day
        
        Phrase
        (ланцюжком)
        
        words are hyphenated (через дифіс) or the whole sentence is in inverted commas,
        
        usually followed by mode, manner, way, look
        
        He nodded his head in a horse-trying-to-get-rid-of-a-fly-on-his-nose kind of way.( C. Ahern);
        (наче, начебто)
        “Did you just crawl out of a cave?”
        
        usually characterise appearance, behaviour of the person
        
        if you tried to translate them into Ukrainian they stop being the epithets bc we can't translated it word-for-word.
        
        Inverted
        
        they form an illogical syntactical relation between the modifier and modified.
        
        he was a huge bear of a man (перше ведмідь а потім людина)
      - Hyperbole (гіпноз)
        
        deliberate overstatement
        
        shouldn't understend it literally
        
        the author uses to express their attitude to the object described
        
        types
        
        Colloquial
        (don't produce as stong effect as stylistic)
        
        colloquial phrases
        
        haven’t seen you for ages
        
        Stylistic
        (люди які говорять стильно щоб говорили трошки розмовною і навпаки)
        
        created by the fancy of the writer
        (їм ввижається різні стилі в яких вони мають бути вдягнені)
        
        are always fresh and striking
        (стилі з свіжих і яскравих продуктів)
      - Meiosis (майонез)
        
        Opposite to hyperbole
        
        A deliberate underestimating of the features of the object
        (зменшують кількість жиру)
        
        features: size, volume, distance, time.
        (роблять
        маленька коробки,
        які займають мало місця,
        не можуть одна без одної
        помирають з часом
        
        the make it more expressive.
        (щоб люди чіткіше говорили)
        
        it will cost you a pretty penny
        
        emphasizes that the object is insignificance in questions.
        якщо їх спитати про кетчуп то вони покажуть який він не важливий.
      - Oxymoron
        
        (Ox)
        
        presents (a comb of) 2 contrasting ideas.
        (два рога)
        
        1) One of them shows objectively existing feature
        2) the other one shows the author’s attitude towards it.
        
        Open secret
        Working vacation
        
        shouldn't be confused with antythehis, which consist of two parallel constructions which the structure of oxymoron is an epithet + the word it modifies
  - - - Фейя Іванівна
  - - - Both types of meanings (logical and nominal) are used simultaneously
      - Sometimes antonomasia is considerate to be a variety of metonymy.
      - forms
        
        Name of a famous personality for the characteristic feature.
        (overlaps with allusion)
        (вішалка збоку зробила багато злоченив)
        
        He’s Napoleon of crime (genious of his kind, smart criminal)
        
        використовується з of. алюзія немає такого
        
        The place where the event happened for the very event
        (в будинку злочини)
        
        Pearl Harbor is the symbol of the bitter defeat of the USA in the WW2
        
        The name of the establishment to indicate its policy
        
        The White House objected to smth’
        
        Geographical name used as a common noun to denote things originating from there
        (порцеляновий поріг)
        
        China – porcelain, Boston – woolen cloth, champagne (a province)
        
        Speaking or telling names (nicknames because of some quality)
        (називається Осадча через капелюшок)
        
        So, near, mr. Requiring reporter, do you have all needed info?
        
        Names of things or processes after their inventors
        (винайшли ризинки)
        
        Mr a sandwich, a macintosh, a diesel, a colt sometimes antonomasia can be expressed bu a word comb.
- - - - have a completely indentical meaning
        (має таке саме тіло як в мужика)
        
        are interchargeable in the context
        ( може з ним на змаганнях хоч позмагатись)
        
        rare in every language
        (таке рідко трапляється в повсякденній мові)
        
        Homecountry....fatherland, motherland
    - - differ in some shade of meaning or degree of quality.
        (можна вибрати різні типи пресу з різною якістю)
        
        to look(general) - to glance
    - - belong to different functional styles.
        (підійде для різних стилів)
        
        Good(neutral)-cool(colloquial)
    - - acquire a similar meaning, only in some specific context.
        
        are not registered in dictionaries as synonyms.
        (нема зареєстровано що такий купальник можна)
  - - - to inrich the language.
        
        to emphasize
        
        to make the idea more prominant
- - - - 2 semantic poles of the simile
        tenor - the one which is compared
        vehicle - the one with which it is compared
        
        is an imaginary comparison
        
        has emotive power because compares objects that belonging to entirely different classes of things,
        
        Mel was as serious as Nine O’clock News
        
        вона біжить як курка
        
        It should not be confused with ordinary comparison
        
        don't have emotive power because they emphasize the similarity in a logical way.
        
        She is Marylin Monroe’s look-alike
        
        вона біжить як Віка
    - - conjunctions
        
        as, like, as if, as though, no better that, as as, so as, etc.
      - words denoting comparison
        They are called disguised similes.
        
        such as, seem, look, resemble, remind, suggest, bear resemblance, the way
    - - as ugly as sin, as busy as a bee, as cool as a cucumber.
    - - simple
        
        Swift as a shadow, short as any dream, Brief as the lightning in the collied night
      - extended/epic
      - Sometimes the simile is not clear,
        so the author gives an additional information
        
        The conversations she began behaved like green logs: they fumed but would not fire.
        Розмови, які вона починала, поводилися як зелені Поліна: вони диміли, але не горіли.
  - - - in most cases can be understood only in the context
        is a purely individual perception of a thing or phenomenon.
        
        The little boy with sobs plainly audible, and with great globules of water running down his cheeks…
    - - figurative
        
        The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa (I.Sh) (wounded) – metonymic/metaphoric.
      - logical
        
        Mr. Du Pout was dressed in the conventional disguise (suit) with which Brooks Brothetrs cover the shame of American millionaires (belly) – euphemistic.
    - - my better half,
        the gentle/soft/weak sex.
    - - is a variety of periphrasis
        
        substitutes a harsh, offensive word or phrase with a milder one, more socially acceptable.
        
        “to die” - to pass away, to be gone, to be no more, to depart, to join the silent majority, to be the late, to meet our maker, to go West, etc.
        
        can be religious, moral, medical, political, social, parliamentary and economic ones
        we deal with dictionary euphemisms
        
        to dismiss – to lay off;
        backward area – not well developed;
        
        Writers create their own euphemisms to show that
        the character try to speak in a delicate manner
        to produce a humorous effect.
        
        to become old – to reach silver-haired and golden years;
        pornography – adult entertainment;
        poor – economically deprived;
        debts – negative savings;
        
        one of the types of deliberately evasive(навмисно-ухильної мови) or deceptive (оманливої) language.
        
        The term doublespeak
        
        created by George Orwell in his novel 1984
        
        is common in politics,
        missiles(ракети) - “peace-keepers”,
        airplane crashes - “uncontrolled contact with the ground”.
- - - - they specify (вказують на) some charaсteristic feature or idea,
        (замовляють гостру піцу то це значитьщо поїдуть швидко)
      - make the meaning narrower.
        (шлях робиться швидким)
- - - - If the author wants the reader to understand the allusion they should give an explanation (in brakets, parenthesis)
        (треба пояснювати слова бо їх не зрозуміти сучасній людині)
        
        Usually based on some other stylistic devises(Similies, hyperboly)
- - - - related to folklore, holidays etc
        
        ‘true love, Merry Cristmas, and mass
        nuthouse of a city! = city like a nuthouse
    - - swift-footed Achilles, rosy-fingered down
    - - most qualifying words in the dictionary,
        
        gorgeous, nasty, magnificent
    - - smiling sun, a sleepless pillow, a ghost-like face
  - - - anxious look,
        to answer bitterly/harshly
    - - you, ostrich! (трус)
    - - Richard the Lion Heart, Henry the Blue Beard
  - - - a tired old town
    - - You’re a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature!
    - - a pompously majestic female; an unnaturally mild day
    - - words are hyphenated (через дифіс) or the whole sentence is in inverted commas,
      - usually followed by mode, manner, way, look
        
        He nodded his head in a horse-trying-to-get-rid-of-a-fly-on-his-nose kind of way.( C. Ahern);
        (наче, начебто)
        “Did you just crawl out of a cave?”
      - usually characterise appearance, behaviour of the person
      - if you tried to translate them into Ukrainian they stop being the epithets bc we can't translated it word-for-word.
    - - they form an illogical syntactical relation between the modifier and modified.
        
        he was a huge bear of a man (перше ведмідь а потім людина)
- - - - the author uses to express their attitude to the object described
  - - - colloquial phrases
        
        haven’t seen you for ages
    - - created by the fancy of the writer
        (їм ввижається різні стилі в яких вони мають бути вдягнені)
      - are always fresh and striking
        (стилі з свіжих і яскравих продуктів)
- - - - features: size, volume, distance, time.
        (роблять
        маленька коробки,
        які займають мало місця,
        не можуть одна без одної
        помирають з часом
        
        the make it more expressive.
        (щоб люди чіткіше говорили)
- - - - Open secret
        Working vacation
- - - - have lost their expressiveness due to long use
        used as set expression.
        have entered the vocabulary stock of the language
        
        the leg of the table (similarity of shapes) (clear comparison btw two things)
        Deadline
        Foot of the bed: The lowest point of something is often referred to as the foot.
        Time is running out
    - - are created by the fancy of the writer
        
        are always fresh and striking
        
        wrestling with a difficult decision
    - - Simple
        
        попередні
      - Sustained
        
        a number of metaphors are combined on a compelx image,
        all its elements are associated with a main central image or notion.
        
        A poor man is a rat in a maze.
        He becomes a machine whose fuel is hunger.
        Of course there is also the exceptional rat who breaks out of the maze,
        (everything is associating to a poor man conditions)
  - - - inanimate objects(неживі пред), phenomena(явища) processes
        are presented as human beings
        have feeling, thought,
        can speech, perform action etc.
        
        The purpose is
        make them more expressive(вразний)
        to attribute(надати) to things a lofty(elevated) character
        
        can produce any effect from humorous to dramatic.
        It depends of the author
        
        His feet were killing him
- - - - Gray hair(=elderly ppl) should be respected
        (результат старіння)
    - - This author lives by his pen, only. (=by writing)
        We need some new faces around here.
    - - The crown(queen monarchy) had to yield(listen to them and do whatthey demanded) to the demands of the people.
    - - The room was full of uniforms(students, soldiers, policemen)
    - - The sword is the worst argument that can be used.
    - - The kettle boils.
    - - The sandwich is waiting for his check (the customer who ordered it)
    - - He paid in gold(coins).
    - - The table(ppl) was pleased with the dinner.
  - - - is based on the relationship between a part and the whole or
        the whole and its part, the singular and the plural
        
        The long nose(curious person) knows about its way through the crowd
        When a monarch needs new lands, he sends a soldier(a lot of ppl) to wear
- - - - The word on which device is based on can be spotted.
        (волосся на якому базується іри популярність можна легко помітити
        
        "Who cut your hair?" Edward Scissorhands? I managed to beep myself from asking.
    - - it’s not possible to indicate exact word that creates the ironic effect,
        that's why the ironic effect is achieved by several sentences or the whole text. ( не так легко помітити її волосся коли вона з ним, Іра досягає популярності за допомогою кількиз пасм кольорових волосся або зовсім іншого коліру)
        
        Mother gasped and put her hand to her heart,or heart would be if one had one