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A 34-year old male patient diagnosed with AIDS is curious about why the…

- - - - Partner's could be carrier of virus
      - Increases risk of obtaining
        
        Sexual Transmitted Infections
        
        Herpes
    - - No condom
        
        Lost of protective barrier
        
        More susceptible to pathogens
        
        Easy passage of bodily fluids
  - - - Sharing of needles
  - - - HIV continues to weakens immune system
        
        May take years for HIV to progress to AIDS
        
        Miss diagnosis may occur
  - - - Obtaining virus during pregnancy (genetically acquired)
    - - Obtaining virus from
        
        Improper injection of drugs
        
        Sharing needles
        
        Sexual Activity
        
        Unprotected sex
        
        Oral Sex
        
        Vaginal Sex
        
        Anal Sex
        
        Blood Transfusions from patients w/virus
- - - - First to respond to pathogens
        
        Two Barricades of Defense
        
        Surface Barriers (1st Line of Defense)
        
        Mucous Membranes
        
        Line all body cavities exposed to external surface
        
        Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
        
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        Mucous cells (goblet cells)
        
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        Skin Membranes
        
        Highly keratinized epithelial membrane
        
        Resistant to weak acids/bases/toxcins
        
        Impenetrable membrane to micro-organisms
        
        Protective chemicals
        
        Acids
        
        Acidity of membrane
        
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        Inhibits bacterial growth
        
        Enzymes
        
        Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
        
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        Lysozyme
        
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        Mucin
        
        Forms thick/sticky mucous
        
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        Defensins
        
        Mucous membranes secrete
        
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        Internal Defense Cells/Chemicals (2nd line of defense)
        
        Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
        
        Monitor blood/lymph
        
        Can lyse/destroy
        
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        Nonspecific targeting on cells
        
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        Secrete chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
        
        Large granular lymphocytes
        
        Inflammation/Tissue Repair
        
        Inflammation
        
        Prevents spread of damaging agents
        
        Dispose of cell debris/pathogens
        
        Triggers adaptive immune response
        
        Promotes repair
        
        Four Cardinal Signs Inflammation
        
        Heat
        
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        Swelling
        
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        Redness
        
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        Pain
        
        Phagocytes
        
        Macrophages
        
        Destroys pathogens
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Most abundant WBC
        
        Monocytes
        
        Precursor to macrophage
        
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        Antimicrobial Proteins
    - - Monitors/eliminates pathogens that pass innate defenses
        
        Humoral Immunity (antibody mediated immunity)
        
        B-cells (lymphocytes)
        
        Origin/Maturation in Red bone marrow
        
        Triggered by Antigens (activated)
        
        Clones antigen and makes an antibody
        
        Memory B cells remember pathogen
        
        Cellular Immunity
        
        T-cells (lymphocytes)
        
        Activated by Antigen
        
        Guides macrophages to hunt/destroy pathogen
        
        Dendritic Cells
        
        Capture antigen and present to T/B cells
        
        B cells activate to find antigen
        
        Clones and makes antibody
  - - - Monitor blood fluid/lymph
        
        Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
        
        Lyse/kill cancer cells/virus infected body cells w/secretory chemicals
        
        Dendritic Cells
        
        Capture antigen and circulate in lymph
        
        Presents antigen to B/T cells
      - Allowing adaptation to new/specific pathogens
        
        B-lymphocytes
        
        Produce plasma proteins (when activated by antigen)
        
        Which create specific antibodies to the specific antigen
        
        Clones itself
        
        Produce B-memory cells
        
        Help to remember pathogen
        
        Associated with Humoral Immunity
        
        B-helper cells
        
        T-lymphocytes
        
        Activated by antigen cause
        
        Macrophages to destroy specific pathogen
        
        Cytotoxic T-cells
        
        Recognize antigens of MHC class I
        
        Destroys specific pathogen/infected cells
        
        T-helper cells
        
        T memory cells
      - Acting as phagocytes (eating/destroying pathogens)
        
        Macrophages (most voracious)
        
        Monocyte precusor
        
        Neutrophil (most common)
  - - - Red Bone Marrow
      - Thymus
    - - Primarily leukocytes
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Basophils
        
        Monocytes
        
        Marcophages
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        T-lymphocytes
        
        Cytotoxic T-cells
        
        Directly attack/kill pathogens/infected cells
        
        Through release of: Perforins
        
        Through release of: Granzymes
        
        Memory T-cells
        
        Help T-cells to remember pathogen
        
        T-helper cells
        
        help to activate B/T cells
        
        Direct immune response
        
        Regulatory T-cells
        
        Regulate immune response by releasing Cytokines
        
        Interferons
        
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        Interleukins
        
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        B-Lymphocytes
        
        B-memory cells
        
        Help to be better efficient on next encounter of disease causing agent
        
        B-plasma cells
        
        Produce antibodies to certain antigens
        
        B-helper cells
        
        Direct immune response
        
        Neutrophils
  - - - Proliferation of a strain of bacteria on/inside the body
      - Can/not cause diseases
      - Single-celled organism
        
        Self reproduction
        
        Survives in harsh environmental conditions
      - Treated with antibiotics
    - - Needs a host to divide
      - Affect body by
        
        Hijack cell organelles
        
        Introducing genetic material in cell
      - Proliferation of a strain of virus
        
        Smaller w/protein coat/core of genetic material
        
        Most cause diseases
        
        Can be difficult to treat
        
        Vaccine help greatly
        
        Antibiotics are ineffective
      - Types of Viral infections:
        
        Strep throat
        
        Influenza (flu)
        
        Common cold
        
        Sexually transmitted infection
  - - - Results in the virus integrating RNA into host's DNA
        
        Releasing newly cloned viruses to spread infection
    - - Results in destruction of host cell's membrane and host
      - Virus hi-jacking host cell's organelles
  - - - Caused by sexually transmitted infections (STI)
        
        Flu like symptoms that weaken immune system
      - Acquired from
        
        Sharing Needles
        
        Blood transfusions
        
        Sexual Intercourse
        
        During pregnancy
    - - Occurs due to prolonged/worsening HIV
        
        Due to
        
        Negligence to obtain care
        
        Missed diagnosis
        
        Further weakening of immune system
        
        Primary cause is virus form HIV
        
        Attacks CD4 T-cells
        
        Weaken immune system
        
        Could result in death
- - - - HIV uses reverse transcriptase
        
        Replace original cell DNA w/viral DNA
    - - T-helper cells
        
        Reduced functioning of adaptive immunity
        
        Cell-mediated immunity
        
        Humoral Immunity
      - Cytotoxic T-cells
        
        Lost ability to combat HIV
  - - - Without T-helper cells
        
        Loss of clonal expansion
        
        Loss of antibody production
  - - - More susceptible to
        
        Variety of diseases
        
        Infections
  - - - Treated by combination of drug therapies
    - - Hence name Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome