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Bacteria and Archaea (27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations…

- - - - A group of archaea convert atmospheric (nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3))
  - - - Heterocyst is surrounded by a thickened cell wall that restricts entry of O2 produced by neighboring photosynthetic cells.
- - - - Gammaproteobacteria are a class of bacteria. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class.
      - Deltaproteobacteria comprise a branch of predominantly aerobic genera, the fruiting-body-forming Myxobacteria that release myxospores in unfavorable environments.
      - Betaproteobacteria: a genus of soil bacteria that play an important role in nitrogen recycling by oxidizing ammonium (NH4+), producing nitrite (NO2) as a waste product.
      - Epsilonproteobacteria: Campylobacter bacteria are the number-one cause of food-related gastrointestinal illness in the United States.
      - Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria
  - - - Archaea live in enviorments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there.
        
        Extremophiles- "Lovers" of extreme conditions.
        
        Extreme halophiles: live in highly saline enviorments; Great Salt lake in Utah, the Dead Sea in Israel, and the Spanish lake.
        
        Extreme thermophiles: thrive in very hot enviorments; sulfur volcano springs as hot as 90 degrees celsius.
        
        Methanogens: archaea that release methane as by product of their unique ways of obtaining energy.
- - - - Prokaryotes generallly have circular chromosomes.
    - - Bacilli (Singular, Bacillus)
        
        Rod-Shaped prokaryotes
        
        In Chains (Streptobacilli)
      - Spiral (Spirilla)
        
        "Loose Coils in Shape"
        
        Spirochetes- "Corkscrew-shaped"
      - Cocci (Singular, Coccus)
        
        Spherical Prokaryotes
        
        Occur in Pairs (Diplococci), In Chains (Streptococci), In Clusters (Staphylococci)
    - - The Gram Stain technique developed by Danish physician Hans Christian Gram
        
        Sample are first stained with crystal violet dye and iodine then rinsed in alcohol, and finally stained with a red dye such as safranin that enters the cell and binds to its DNA. To get a Positive or Negative.
        
        Gram-Positive + : bacteria have relatively simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
        
        Gram-Negative - : bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids).
      - The outer layer is called a Capsule or slime layer
      - Endospores: bacteria develop resistant cells to withstand harsh conditions.
      - To stick to their substrate or to one another by means of hairlike appendages were called Fimbriae.
    - - Chromosomes were located in the Nucleoid
      - Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules are called Plasmids.
- - - - Ex: Cholera-A dangerous diarrheal disease Vibrio cholerae.
    - - Ex: Salmonella: Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi
    - - CRISPR-Cas9 System: unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome? by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA? sequence.
- - - - F Factor as a Plasmid; When an F+ cell conjugates/mates with an F− cell, the result is two F+ cells, both capable of transmitting the plasmid to other F− cells by conjugation.
      - The F Factor in the Chromosome;F factor, fertility factor. a plasmid in certain bacteria that enables transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to a recipient by conjugation, resulting in recombination.
      - R plasmids (R for resistance): resistance genes are often carried by plasmids. Provides resistance against Antibiotics or Poisons.
- - - - Symbiosis: ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other.
        
        Host: the LARGER organism in a symbiotic relationship
        
        Symbiont: the SMALLER organism in a symbiotic relationship
      - Mutualism: an ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit.
      - Commensalism: an ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way.
      - Parasitism: an ecological relationship in which a Parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host.
      - Pathogens: Parasites that cause disease.