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The Respiratory System By:Angelica Hernandez p.1 (Respiratory System…
The Respiratory System
By:Angelica Hernandez p.1
Major Functions
Two Major Functions:
1) Distribution of Air: filters, warms, humidifies air
2) Gas Exchange: supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Other Functions: - Inhalation. and exhalation are pulmonary ventilation
External respiratory exchanges gases between lungs and bloodstream
Internal respiratory exchanges the bloodstream and body tissue
Air vibrating the vocal cords creates sound
Olfaction, or smelling, is a chemical sensation
Respiratory Tracts
Upper Respiratory Tract (URT):
Nose: provides entrance for air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs in nostrils
Nasal Cavity: olfactory receptors in muscosa on superior surface
Paranasal Sinuses: airfield spaces (cavaties)
Pharynx (throat): common passage way for air and food
Larynx: keeps particles from entering the trachea
Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT):
Trachea (windpipe): lined with aliased mucous membrane to trap incoming particles
Brochial Tree:
two main (primary) bronchi: right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the rest
lobar (secondary) bronchi: going to each lung
segmental (tertiary) bronchi: into each lobe segment
Lungs: apex is near clavicle; base rests at diaphragm; divided by fissures; conducting zone- passage way for gas
Right lung: three lobes- superior, middle, and inferior
Left lung: two lobes- superior and inferior
Lung Capacity Terminology
Respiratory Volumes:
1) Tidal volume (TV): air moved by 1 respiratory, about 500mL
2) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): additional air taken in during maximal inhalation (in addition to tidal volume)
3) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): additional air expired during forced exhalation (in addition to tidal volume)
4) Residual Volume (RV): keeps alveoli inflated (-1200mL)
Respiratory Capacities:
Inspirational capacity: TV + IRV (-3000mL)
Functional residual capacity: ERV + RV
Vital capacity: TV + IRV + ERV (-4600mL)
Total lung capacity: sum of all volumes
Breathing Mechanism
Composed of:
Inspiration: movement of air into lungs
Expiration: movement of air out of lungs
Exchange of Gases inside Lung:
External Respiration: Diffusion- passive movement down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)
Exchange of Gases in Tissues:
Internal respiration: oxygen moves out of blood in the capillary and into tissue cells; carbon dioxide move from tissue cells into capillary blood
Respiratory System Disorders:
COPD: chronic distructive pulmonary disorder; chronic brochitis
Causes/Risk Factors: tobacco smoke; air pollution; age
Symptoms: chronic cough; wheezing; tight chest
Treatment Options: smoking cessation; medications; lung transplant
Tuberculosis: bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes/Risk Factors: contagious; weak immune system; drug/alcohol abuse
Symptoms: cough with thick mucus; fever; fatigue; chest pain
Treatment Options: surgery; medication; long-term antibiotics
Pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Causes/Risk Factors: viral infection; individuals; exposure to infected
Symptoms: fever; chills; chest pain
Treatment Options: over the counter medication; antibiotics; oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs
Cause/Risk Factors: smoking; second-hand smoke; genetics
Symptoms: chest pain; weight loss; fatigue
Treatment Options: radiation; chemotherapy, surgical removal
Seasonal Flu: A viral; many varieties and changes rapidly year to year
Causes/Risk Factors: droplets age; occupation; pregnancy
Symptoms: dry cough; fatigue; congestion; body ache
Treatment Options: early vaccinations; rest and hydration; antiviral medication
Pneumothorax: collapsed lung (air leaked into pleural space)
Causes/Risk Factors: bullet punctures into thoracic wall and parietal pleura
Treatment Options: chest tube or needle
Asthma: narrowed airways; tightened muscles
Causes/Risk Factors: chronically inflamed; hypersensitive bronchial passages by allergies
Symptoms: shortness of breath; chest pain; wheezing or whistling when exhaling
Treatment Options: No cure
Black Lung Disease: early stage as coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Causes/Risk Factors: mineral dust; enlarged heart; heart failure
Symptoms: chest pain; cough blood; weight loss
Treatment Options: No cure
Smoker's Lungs; lungs dark and molted
Causes/Risk Factors: smoking; death; lung cancer
Symptoms: hard to breath
Treatment Options: quit smoking