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BIOLOGY CH/8-9 (The energy of life (Thermodynamics is the study of energy…
BIOLOGY CH/8-9
The energy of life
The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur.
Cellular respiration extracts energy stored in sugars and other fuels.
Cells apply this energy to perfom work
Some organisms even convert energy to light, as in bio-luminescence
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Metabolism is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions.
Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules.
A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
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Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations
An isolated system, such as that approximated by liquid in a thermos, is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings
In an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Organisms are open systems
The first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is constant. Also called the principle of conservation of energy.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
The second law of thermodynamics
Spontaneous process occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly
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Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat.
Free energy and metabolism; can be applied to the chemistry of life's processes.
An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and it nonspontaneous
Reactions in a closed system eventually reach equilibrium and can then do no work.
Cells are not in equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials.
A defining feature of life is that metabolism is never at equilibrium
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Catalysis, enzymes or other catalysis speed up specific reactions by lowering the EA barrier
The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme substrate.
The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
The reaction catalyzed by each enzyme is very specific
The activate site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
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Harvesting energy
Respiration-gas exchange between organism and its environment
Breathing-the slternation of inhalation and exahalation
Celular respiration
Steps in cell respiration
Glycolysis
Enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to make ATP
Krebs cycle
Electron transport system
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Location-mitochondrial matrix
Oxygen requirement-no oxygen
Location: Occurs in cytoplasm of cell near mitochondria
Oxygen requirement: does not require oxygen
Electron Transport System
Glycolysis (Trnasition Reaction)
Krebs Cycle
Aerobic-with oxygen
Anaerobic-without oxygen