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An elderly, 70 year-old, female from Fort Worth... (Respiratory System…

- - - - Nose
      - Nasal Cavity
      - pharynx
    - - Larynx
      - Trachea
        
        Tracheal Cartilage
        
        Blood Vessels
        
        Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
        
        Lumen
      - Bronchus
        
        Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
      - Respiratory zone
        
        Bronchioles
        
        Alveolar ducts
        
        Alveoli
        
        Simple squamous epithelial
        
        For diffusion
      - Terminal bronchiole
  - - - Alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, grapelike clusters of alveoli
        
        Blood capillaris surround each alveolus for gas exchange
      - Two types form the alveolar wall
        
        Type 1 cells
        
        Make up about 95% of alveolar surface are and are moist and prone to collapse due to high surface tension
        
        Alveolar type 2 cells
        
        Secrete pulmonary surfactant which opposes surface tension and prevents the collapse of alveoli
  - - - Carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane from capillaries into the alveoli...
        
        The efficiency of O2 and Co2 diffusion during alveolar gas exchange are dependent upon the surface area and the min. thickness of the respiratory membrane.
  - - - Atmospheric pressure is the total pressure all gases exert in the environment
      - Dalton's law states that the sum of all partial pressure is equal to the partial pressure of that gas
      - A partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for a gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than in another
      - Partial pressure relevant for understanding respiratory gas exchange are Po2 and Pco2
      - Henry's law
      - The solubility coefficient is the volume of gas that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid in a given temperature and pressure
    - - Symptoms include
        
        Headache
        
        Nausea
        
        Difficulty sleeping
        
        Pulmonary edema
        
        Cerebral edema
  - - - Leads to dilation and fusing together of alveoli, decrease surface tension
      - Most cases of emphysema are by smorking
      - The lack of surface tension area leads to a build up of deoxygenated air in the lungs
- - - - Treatment
        
        Pleurodesis
      - Untreated
        
        life threatening
  - - - Living at higher elevations