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Respiratory System Natalia Panuco Period 7…
Respiratory System Natalia Panuco Period 7
Major Functions of Respiratory System
Distribution of Air:
Filters, warms, humidifies air
Gas Exchange:
Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Differences Between Right and Left lung and Right and Left Primary Bronchi
Bronchi
The right main bronchus is wider, shorter than the left main bronchus, which is thinner and longer.
The right main bronchus subdivides into three lobar bronchi, while the left main bronchus divides into two.
The lobar bronchi (also called secondary bronchi) divide into tertiary bronchi, each of which supplies air to a different bronchopulmonary segment.
Lungs
The lungs are not equal in size.
The right lung is shorter, because the liver sits high, tucked under the ribcase, but it is broader than the left.
The left lung is smaller because of the space taken up by the heart (see diaphragm for an image of this).
Each lung is separated into lobes branching off the main bronchus; the right lung has three lobes, while the left has only two lobes.
As the bronchi branch out, the total area of the two new branches is larger than its parent bronchus, making it extremely easy for the air to rush into the lungs.
Organs of the Respiratory System and Location (Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract)
Upper Respiratory Tract:
-Nose
-Nasal Cavity
-Sinuses
-Pharynx
-Larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract:
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Lungs
-Alveoli
Breathing Mechanism
Inspiration:
Movement of air into lungs
Expiration:
Movement of air out of lungs
Air pressure differences actually cause air to move into ans out of lungs
Changes in size and shape of thorax cause changes in air pressure within thoracic cavity and lungs
Definitions of Lung Capacity Terminology
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV):
Additional air taken in during maximal inhalation( In addition to tidal volume)
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV):
Additional air expired during forced exhalation (In addition to tidal volume)
Tidal Volume(TV):
Air moved by one respiration, about 500 ml
Residual Volume:
Amount of air left in alveoli after forced expiration that keeps alveoli inflated(-1200 ml)
Respiratory Capacities:
Combinations of two or more volumes
Functional Residual Capacity:
ERV+RV
Vital Capacity:
TV+IRV+ERV( -4600 ml)
Inspirational Capacity:
TV+IRV(-3000 ml)
Total Lung Capacity:
Sum of all volumes
Internal and External Respiration
Inspiration
Inspiratory mucles:
-
Diaphragm
: Flattens during inspiration; increases top-to-bottom length of thorax
-
External Intercostals
: Contraction moves ribs and sternum upward and outward, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity
Increase in size of chest cavity reduces pressure within, and air enters the lungs (high pressure air from outside goes into the lower pressure inside the lungs)
Atmospheric pressure is the force that moves air into lungs
Due to surface tension between two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand
Surfactants keep alveoli from sticking to each other (So they don´t collapse when internal air pressure is low)
For a deep breathe= Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract more forcefully
Expiration
Passive Process- Air moves out lungs
During expiration, thorax returns to its resting size and shape
-Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and lungs recoil
-Elastic recoil of lung tissue aids in expiration
Decreases volume to thoracic cavity, which increases pressure above atmospheric pressure- air rushes out of lungs
Forceful expiration involves decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity by expiratory muscles (Coughing, singing, speech, patterns, heavy work)
-
Internal intercostal muscles
: Contraction depresses rib cage, decreasing front-to-back size of thorax
-
Abdominal muscles
: Contraction elevates diaphragm, decreasing size of thoracic cavity from top to bottom
Reduction in size of thoracic cavity increases its pressure, and air leaves lungs
Disorders of the Respiratory System
COPD
Description:
-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, Includes Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, and Asthma
Cause/Risk Factors:
-Asthmatic Bronchitis
-Tobacco Smoke
-Dust Exposure
-Chemical Fume Exposure
-Air Pollution
-Age
-Genetics
Symptoms:
-Chronic Cough
-Shortness of Breath
-Wheezing
-Tight Chest
-Lung Damage
-Increased Mucus
-Heart Disease
*Leading Cause of Death- Worldwide
Treatment Options:
-Smoking Cessation
-Medications
-Bronchodilators
-Antibiotics
-Oxygen Therapy
-Pulmonary Rehabilitation
-Lung Reduction
-Lung Transplant
Lung Cancer
Description:
-Uncontrolled Cell Growth and Development of Tumors in the Lungs
Causes/Risk Factors:
-Smoking(90% of Cases)
-Second-Hand Smoke
Asbestos Exposure
-Radon Gas
-Genetics
-Air Pollution
Symptoms:
-Occur of Later Stages:
-Chest Pain
Shortness of Breath
-Blood in Sputum
-Chronic Infection
-Persistent Cough
-Fatigue
-Weight Loss
Treatment Options
:
-Radiation
-Chemotherapy
-Surgical Removal
-Targeted Therapy
*At Later Stages Treatments will only Prolong Life, not Cure the Disease
Tuberculosis
Description:
-Bacterial Infection in the Respiratory System Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Causes/Risk Factors:
-Contagious, Inhaled
-Weakened Immune System
-Care/Live with TB Patient
-Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
-Travel where TB is Common
Symptoms:
-Latent TB- Asymptomatic
-Cough with Thick Mucus
-Weight Loss and Night Sweats
-Fever and Fatigue
-Tachycardia
-Swollen Lymph Nodes
-Shortness of Breathe
-Chest Pains
Treatment Options:
-Long-Term Antibiotics
-Surgery
-Medication
*Some Drug Variations Cannot be Treated
Seasonal Flu
Description:
-A viral infection
Causes/Risk Factors:
-Inhaled in Respiratory
-Droplets
-Age
-Occupation
-Living Conditions
-Weakened Immune System
-Chronic Illness
-Pregnancy
Symptoms:
-Dry Cough
-Fatigue
-Congestion
-Headache
-Body Ache
-Chills
-Fever
-Nausea and Vomiting
Treatment Options:
-Early Vaccination
-Over-the-Counter Medication
-Antiviral Medication
-Rest and Hydration
Pneumonia
Description:
-Bacterial/viral infection of the lung
Causes/Risk Factors:
-Bacterial Infection
-Viral Infection
-Aspiration
-Exposure to Infected Individuals
-Impaired Immune System
-Complication with Other Respiratory Infections
Symptoms:
-Fever
-Shortness of Breath
-Chills
-Chest Pain
-Fatigue
-Tachycardia
-Nausea and Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Cough with Mucus
Treatment Options:
-Over the Counter Medication
-Antibiotics
-Oxygen Therapy