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Respiratory System Gilbert Perez Period:4 (Disorders (Lung Cancer…
Respiratory System
Gilbert Perez
Period:4
Organs and locations
Major Functions
The nose (1) provides an airway for respiration, (2) moistens and warms entering air, (3) filters and cleans inspired air, (4) serves as a resonating chamber for speech, and (5) houses the olfactory (smell) receptors. Protects itself with lysosomes. This allows for the body to be oxygenated and remove carbon dioxide
Disorders
Asthma is characterized by episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness—alone or in combination. A sense of panic accompanies most acute attacks.
Tuberculosis (TB), the infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is spread by coughing and primarily enters the body in inhaled air. TB mostly affects the lungs but can spread through the lymphatics to other organs.
Lung Cancer
Adenocarcinoma (about 40% of cases), which originates in peripheral lung areas as solitary nodules that develop from bronchial glands and alveolar cells.
Squamous cell carcinoma (about 20%), which arises in the epithelium of the bronchi or their larger subdivisions and tends to form masses that may cavitate (hollow out) and bleed.
Small cell carcinoma (about 15%), round lymphocyte-sized cells that originate in the main bronchi and grow aggressively in small grapelike clusters within the mediastinum. Metastasis from the mediastinum is especially rapid. Some small cell carcinomas cause additional problems because they produce certain hormones.
Internal and External Respiration
External
Forced expiration is an active process produced by contracting abdominal wall muscles, primarily the oblique and transversus muscles. These contractions (1) increase the intra-abdominal pressure, which forces the abdominal organs superiorly against the diaphragm, and (2) depress the rib cage. The internal intercostal muscles also help depress the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume.
Breathing Mechanism
transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul − Pip). It is this pressure that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or, phrased another way, keeps the lungs from collapsing.
Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
Right lung/primary bronchi and left primary bronchi/lung
The left lung is smaller than the right, and the cardiac notch is molded to and accommodates the heart . The left lung is subdivided into superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure, whereas the right lung is partitioned into superior, middle, and inferior lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures.
Balance of lung tissue is made from elastic tissue
The pulmonary veins convey the freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone of the lungs to the heart. Their tributaries course back to the hilum both with the corresponding bronchi and in the connective tissue septa separating the bronchopulmonary segments.
oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the pulmonary arteries, which lie anterior to the main bronchi In the lungs, the pulmonary arteries branch profusely along with the bronchi and finally feed into the pulmonary capillary networks surrounding the alveoli
The pulmonary circuit is a low-pressure, high-volume circulation. Because all of the body’s blood passes through the lungs about once each minute, the lung capillary endothelium is an ideal location for enzymes that act on materials in the blood.
Lung Capacity
tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100 to 3200 ml) is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration. Even after the most strenuous expiration, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs; this is the residual volume (RV), which helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent lung collapse.
respiratory capacities include inspiratory, functional residual, vital, and total lung capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is the total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration. sum of TV and IRV.
Functional residual capacity (FRC) represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RV and ERV.
Vital capacity (VC) is the total amount of exchangeable air. It is the sum of TV, IRV, and ERV.
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the sum of all lung volumes.
