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Respiratory system Nadya Hernandez p4 (organs of respiratory system…
Respiratory system Nadya Hernandez p4
Major Functions
Being a station for gas exchange during events of internal and external respiration. aka Breathing
anatomy of respiratory tract
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
hypopharynx
larynx
bronchi + bronchioles
alveoli + alveolar ducts
paranasal sinuses
right lung
wider but shorter bc of liver
has two bronchi
has 3 lobes
left lung
has two lobes
longer but smaller (narrow)
single bronchus
lung capacity terminology
tidal volume: volume of air moving into and out of the lungs during quiet breathing
residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
expiratory volume: the max volume of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume expiration
inspiratory reserve: the maximal volume that can be inhaled after tidal volume inhalation
total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation. all volumes summed up
vital capacity: how much can you inhale with the deepest breath
inspiratory capacity: IRV + TV
inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
disorders
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder: includes chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. caused by tobacco smoke, air pollution, age, dust exposure
lung cancer: mainly caused by smoking. can be treated with radiation, therapy, and surgery
pneumonia: bacterial / viral infection of lungs. can be treated w antibiotics and o2 therapy
tuberculosis: HIGHLY contagious. cough w thick mucus, cough with blood, and chest pain. can be treated with antibiotics, surgery, and medication
seasonal flu: caused by weakened immune system, pregnancy, inhalation of virus. cough, fatigue, body ache, fever. can be prevented w early vaccination.
organs of respiratory system
(lower) respiratory zone
alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles.
actual respiration + gas exchange
alveoli maintain an adequate amount of surface tension so O2 and CO2 molecules can properly pass.
alveoli have capillaries so gas exchange can occur at this end station
alveoli : type 1 pneumocytes are the cells responsible for the exchange of O2 and CO2, type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactent
(upper) conducting zone
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
conducts air and introduces it to the lungs nice and warm and moistened
internal + external respiration
external
exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and capillaries
internal
body cells' gas exchange of O2 and CO2
breathing mechanism
boyles law: when volume increases, pressure decreases ( and vice versa )
inspiration: diaphragm + intercostal muscles contract. this frees up space in the thoracic cavity, lessening the pressure around the lungs. this allows the lungs to inflate with air
air enters lungs bc the intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, so the air is simply following a pressure gradient.
oxygen follows its pressure gradient when it diffuses into the blood. its high concentration also makes it more eager to enter the blood stream
expiration: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. pressure around lungs rises as volume in cavity decreases.
CO2 follows its pressure gradient out of the blood and back out of the lungs as it diffuses back into the air.