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Respiratory System: Viviana Guzman Period-4 (respiratory disease…
Respiratory System: Viviana Guzman Period-4
major functions of the respiratory system
Upper respiratory system
nose and parasinuses: the nose provides an airway for respiration; warms, moistens, and cleanse incoming air;and houses the olfactory receptors
External nose:
Nasal Cavity: opens to exterior; divided by the nasal septum
parandal sinuses and nasolacrimal: ducts drain into the nasal cavitites
Lower respiratory system
consists of conducting and resp. zone structures
pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity
intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within alveoli
intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity
normally its negative relative to intrapulmonary pressures
larynx functions
act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the channels proper
voice peoduction
provide a patent (open) airway
pulmonary ventilation
gases travel from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure
inspiration occurs when diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
the air rushes into the lungs
trachea
extends from larynx to main bronchi
cartilage rings reinforce trachea and keep trached patent
its mucosa is ciliated
Physical Factors influencing pulmonary ventilation
lung compliance
alveolar surface tension
airway resistance
measuring respiratory volumes, capacities, and flow rates helps assess ventilation
respiratory capacities: vital, functional residual, inspiratory, and total lung
Pulmonary function tests
forced vital capacity (FVC): meassures the amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally ASAP
forced expiratory volume: determines the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
Respiratory volumes: tidal, inspiratory reserve, and redidual
Alveolar ventilation is the best index of ventilation efficiency because it accounts for anatomical dead space
Basic Properties of gases
Dalton's Law: states that each gas in a mixture of gases excerts pressure in proportion to its % in the total mixture
Henry's law: stats that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
Composition of Alveolar Gas: alveolar gas contains more carbon dioxide and water vapor and considerably less oxygen than atmospheric air
Respiration types
external respiration: 3 factors influence external respiration
thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
ventilation: perfusion coupling (matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
internal respiration
the gas exchange that occurs between the systemic capillaries and the tissues
carbon dioxide enters the blood, and oxygen leaves the blood and enters the tissues
respiratory disease
pneumonia
bacterial/ viral infection of the lungs
lung cancer
uncontrolled cells growth/ devilment of tumors in the lungs
seasonal flu
a viral infection; there are variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
COPD
a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic , bronchitis emphysema, and asthma
tuberculosis
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
pneumothorax
collapsed lung (air leaked into pleural space)
asthma
chronically inflamed hypersensitive bronchial passage caused by allergins
black lung disease
pneumoccniosis caused by mineral dust
smokers lungs
dark and modified over accumulation of inhated for and impurities of cigarettes