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Chapter 25 (Section 4: Reforming the Industrial World ((Comfort and ease…
Chapter 25
Section 4: Reforming the Industrial World
Comfort and ease
This led to the development of monopolies.
-- Businesses decided to buy up all of these things so they could make more money and become some of the wealthiest people in the region and/or country.
-- They didn't pay a middle man so they didn't have to pay for anyone elses charges.
Corporations controlled (the site of the) natural resources (such as coal mines, and diamonds), controlled transportation to the factories they owned, and they controlled the transportation that took the products from the factory for distribution and sale.
Corporations formed to cut out the "middle man" so that these corporations can make more money.
A corporation is a business that controls all parts of an industrial process.
The middle class ended up working on expanding educational and democratic opportunities.
Modern medicine and innovation kept improving. With these improvements, people were able to keep more people alive, which resulted in a bigger population.
-- (This is why we have a strong middle class- The middle class grows in numbers and strength as all of the new jobs we can have grow. Prior to industrialization, you had very few people in the upper class, some in middle class, but the majority in the lower class. People in the lower class were able to move to the middle class because of industrialization)
The creation of economic power and new wealth grew.
Developments in communication were continued.
Transportation
The production and availability of products continued to increase; there was a variety in products as people bought more of them.
Even more advancements and improvements in agriculture (more food) were made.
-- Industrialized nations began to use non-industrialized nations for their natural resources and people to sell products to. These industrialized nations conquered almost all of Africa and Asia.
Global competition and global inequality on unprecedented level grew.
The gap between the powerful and the weak widens and hugely ended up in the industrialized countries growing in power- a lot of times at the expense of the non-industrialized countries.
France- Louis Napoleon brought industrialization to France.
Germany- which mostly focused on the development of military industrialization. Germany was interested in knowing what the British knew. (At one point, Britain banned industrial information from leaving the country so that other countries would not get the information. It became illegal to share blueprints for technology.) The Germans sent children to get information from Britain, return, and inform them.
Belgium
The Countries that Industrialized First after Britain and the United States:
-- Therefore, most European nations didn't begin the industrialization process until the early to mid 1800s, and some nations didn't even begin until the late 1800s. Some countries ended up being a century behind Britain in the industrial progress. We can see discrepancies through industrialized power and nonindustrialized weakness.
The expansion of industry throughout Europe could be characterized as slow.
Europeans didn't begin their industrialization process until the 1800s. They tended to call industrialization the "British Miracle" because they thought that the British were the only ones who could industrialize.
Intercontinental trade almost came to a stop and communication was disrupted. All of this resulted in widespread inflation throughout continental Europe.
Because of the Napoleonic wars...
-- Most American billionaires today got their money from the oil industry.
The U.S. harnessed the oil industry and the steel industry.
-- There was a technological boom- Samuel Slater, Moses Brown, and Francis Cabot Lowell were involved in textiles and all promoted the industrial process.
The United States had inventions like the telephone and the light bulb (which were both created in the 1870s).
Railroad- In the mid to late 1800s, Americans began to construct thousands of miles of railroad tracks interconnecting all of the regions economically.
This encouraged American industrialization.
<*> The War of 1812 (American VS. Britain) helped to further promote the industrial process because America had previously gotten supplies from Britain, but because they were they were at war, Britain cut them off.
-- [In other words, they had everything that Britain had when they started the process]
The United States had a vast coastline, which gave them access to international trading activity.
America, going into 1800s, had political stability and a well-developed structure.
-- We see a consistent movement of immigrants coming to northern states looking for work in factories.
The United States had running water for a power source, and it also had other natural resources that were necessary such as coal and iron ore. The U.S. also had a supply of workers.
Section 3: Industrialization Spread
laissez faire- Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Adam Smith- Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Capitalism- An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Utilitarianism- idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Socialism- idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Karl Marx- founder of modern communism
Communism- A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Union- A worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions
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