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LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT (AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (FIRST, SECOND, AND 1.5…
LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT
AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
SOCIAL CLASS AND MIGRATION
Poorer less educated Migrants living in segregated areas effects immigrants across life span
poorer education
poorer healthcare
Limited employment opportunities
Can lead to crime
Exploitation of their need for work
Educated wealthy immigrants can afford to live alongside native born citizens
Access to better education
Better healthcare
Better social connections
FIRST, SECOND, AND 1.5 GENERATIONS AND MIGRATION
Looking at how migrants adapt over longer periods of time
1.5 generation- born abroad but moved to country before they turned 12.
Second generation born in the country to foreign born parents
Long term health of immigrants declines over time
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Differences is social practices
language
Religion
Adolescence and parents can have tensions due to the differences in their cultural exposures
FAMILY AND GENDER
Migration should be looked at as a family process- decisions about migration are usually made a family
Women and men have different reactions and thought process to migration.
Women consider more relationships and income
Men focus more on paid work, and earnings and good work social life.
Women go to work, but often have to work more when they return home and do housework and cooking
women feel pressure to fit into their family cultural norms of women- less education, doing what husband wants, looking after the home
Context of Reception: Political, Institutional, and Personal Factors
Immigrant adaption is also influences through governmental and non governmental institutions
Societies response to immigrants
Immigration at Different Points in the Life Span: Immigrant Children and Youth
CONTEXTS AND CONTENTS OF SOCIALIZATION: A LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE
Looks at what characteristics are like at different stages of development and how they change
CONTEXTS AND CONTENTS OF SOCIALISATION IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD: PARENTS, FAMILY, DAYCARE
Parents, caregivers, siblings, peers, and other members of the community all function as agents of early socialisation
their interactions with infants and young children, they communicate the expectations and goals of society
Parents are the primary agents who set the agenda for what young children learn and who administer the rewards and punishments that strengthen desired characteristics and weaken undesired ones in children
Socialisation by gender
it is through family socialisation that chil-dren learn about other roles they will assume later in life.
Play with siblings provides a context for expressing a range of positive social behaviors as well as experiences with confl ictual encounters and their resolution
Contexts and Contents of Socialisation in Middle Childhood and Adolescence: Peers, School, Work
School setting lets children expand socialisation skills to be with less intimate relationships, like teachers and peers
. Peer interactions provide a forum for acquiring social knowledge about oneself and others
children’s long-term success in social situations depends on whom they observe and imitate. Children who observe and imitate unsuccessful peers have a propensity to form fewer adaptive social skills
Children also reward and punish peer behaviour during interpersonal inter-actions thereby shaping future social behaviours (
Schools indoctrinate children about how they should behave in society
Contexts and Contents of Socialisation in Adulthood: Family and Work
Socialisation continues ass adults move to new areas, jobs and hobbies
adult socialisation is more often self-initiated and voluntary.
adults are abler and more likely to exit socialisation contexts at will
Past experiences may significantly alter the character and outcomes of socialisation in adulthood
Prison and correctional facilities teaching how to live in society- rehabilitation.
Contexts and Contents of Socialisation in Old Age: Social Network, Retirement, Health Care
quality of relationships improves with age as older adults report better marriages, more supportive friendships, and less conflict than their younger counterparts
older adults maximize investment in their most meaningful relationships as they approach the latter stage of their lives
women are more likely than men to experience widowhood, illness, and financial strain
old age is a period in which individuals and society are in a pro-cess of mutual separation
HOW DO NEIGHBOURHOODS MATTER ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
what is a neighbourhood
Residents view neighborhoods as the place where community values are established and taught
Where people age together
Where residents move about and live their daily lives
Where people age and grow closer to each other
Inequality exists with neighbourshoods
Why study neighbourhoods
Macro level
Neighbourhoods can be an extension of family
Poverty studies
Poor neighbourhoods effecting parenting styles?
Envioment
The environment shapes the person but also the person shapes the environment
Social disorganisation theory
considers neighbourhoods to be the unit of analysis in understanding how factors such as social and economic capital, racial/ethnic composition, residential stability, and family disruption predict negative neighbourhood outcomes such as crime and delinquency
Children and elderly most likely to be living in distressed housing.
Disparity between rich and poor in society continues to grow.
Can study relationship between poverty and race at neighbourhood and family level
Study how do neighbourhood characteristics impact life span development
Challenges of studying neighbourhoods
Some outcomes may not have the same meaning across contexts
In other instances, contexts assumed to be different may not be so different
the study of neighbourhood influences on development can rarely make causal claims because of selection
challenge arises from the attribution of variance in modelling neighbourhood influences
What neighbourhood associations exist?
Preschool Children
Poverty as well as low social support and higher levels of environmental toxins have been associated with infant mortality, low birth-weight, and early childhood hospitalisation.
Wealthy neighbourhoods have children with higher cognitive skills
Impact of poverty and controlled childcare?
Children from poorer neighbourhoods show higher rate of temper tantrums and destroying things
School age children (7-12)
Poorer neighbourhoods more children need emergency medical attention
Poorer neighbourhoods have more fast food shops
Higher rates of childhood obesity in poorer areas
Less anxious and depressive problems seen in children from affluent areas
Adolescence
Higher teen pregencay rates in poorer black neighbourhoods
Poorer neighbourhoods younger average age of beginning sexual activities
Negative peer influences in poorer neighbourhoods
Adults (18-50)
disadvantaged neighbourhoods associated with increased likelihood of having coronary heart disease and increased levels of risk factors such as smoking and cholesterol
Affluent neighbourhoods have a reduction in exposure to violence, not having to see someone with a weapon, hearing gunfire, witnessing drug use or sales, and property crimes along with a significant increase in overall report of feeling safe.
Physical activities like walking sometimes harder in bad neighbourhoods especially for women
Poorer environments leads to harder ability to successfully parent, employment options limited in poorer neighbourhoods
FAMILY INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
GENETICS
Prenatal period
Genetics are first influenced by the envioment
Nutrition, toxins and obstetric complications
Family and father can help with mothers stress
Race and age
Complications with pregnancy including premature births and low birth rate
Drug use and alcohol use in pregnancy
Chronic stress and anxiety and depression pregnant mother
INFANCY
Womb security is replaced by caregivers and family care.
Attachment with caregivers and family is formed
Family provides the environment for learning emotional, physiological, behaviour and arousal.
Toddlers and preschoolers
Builds relationships with family outside the close network
Developing a sense of self away from main caregiver
Family interations teach them about gender rolls and the world around them
Learn to regulate behaviour without family supervision
Secure attachments with fmaily members leads to more stable ability to form realtionships.
Middle school (5 years to adolescence)
Spend more time outside the home (school, hobbies)
Can regulate their emotions and self control better to meet their environmental demands
Still influenced heavily by family in this stage
Parent child interactions are important influence on child
The socialisation of emotion, defined as the shaping of children’s understanding, experience, expression, and regulation of emotion (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998), takes place within the context of the family
Varies according to attachment type
Parenting approaches influence a child's development
Authoritarian
Warm and responsive
Cultural infuences on parenting styles
Adolescence
Strive for more independence from family
Increase in intensity of arguments on conflicts rather than the frequency of them
Parents have to find a balance between granting independence and providing guidance
Sexual behaviour and relationships are all influenced by family
Genetics and physical characteristic changes of puberty
Early attachment can influence the way they form romantic relationships
communication and education from family about sexual practice and safety is important.
unsuportive family envioments is high risk for mental health problems.
Adolescence suicide
Substance use
Emerging Adults (18-25 years)
Lives are less structured from before via family and education
Searching for own identity
Still tension between family and self searching for independence
Modern times children are staying with their parents for longer and longer
Tension problems with boundaries and privacy
Developing and adult to adult relationship with parents and family
Adults and Older Adults
Past relationships with family still influence relationships and emotional wellbeing
New family relationships now big change- becoming a spouse or parent themselves
As parents health and cognitive skills decrease role reversal in care is often seen where the child takes on the role of carer for their parent
Still receive help from parents- care of grand children, financial assistance and also emotional help in stressful times.
grief of loosing a parent , sibling or spouse
Can increase mental and physical ill health, alcholo use, chronic illness
SOCIAL ECOLOGY, RECIPROCAL INFLUENCES, AND GENES
Family setting
Influenced by
Social status
Cultural values
Customs
Laws
Social Class
Higher social status linked to faster baby developments like speech
Babys crying and signs of distress and vulnerability unite caregivers and family with an infant
Genetics, first most infulencing factor on development
Cultural practices can set expectations on walking, talking,and education
MARITAL SETTING
More positive parents relationship is the better the child's adjustment abilities are.
Aggressive and conflicting relationships
Impacts child's behaviour, cognitive abilities,and emotional adjustment abilities
SIBLINGS
Alter the family dynamics
Can disrupt the parent and child relationship for existing children
Siblings also learn relationship skills from each other