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Respiratory System, Natalie Reyes, Period 4 (Disorders of the Respiratory…
Respiratory System, Natalie Reyes, Period 4
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
supply the body with oxygen (inspiration) and dispose of carbon dioxide (expiration)
inhalation & exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pulmonary ventilation)
inspiration moves air into the lungs from the atmosphere
expiration moves air out of the lungs into the atmosphere
gas exchange between lungs and bloodstream (external respiration)
O2 diffuses from the lungs into blood & CO2 diffuses from blood to the lungs
gas exchange between the bloodstream and body tissues (internal respiration)
O2 diffuses from blood into tissue cells & CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood
Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract
Organs of the Respiratory System & Location
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose & Paranasal Sinuses
Nose
provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, speech resonating chamber, houses olfactory receptors
Paranasal Sinuses
lighten the skull & help warm and moisten the air
Pharynx
aka throat; connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx
post to nasal cavity, inf to sphenoid; air passageway
Oropharynx
post to oral cav; food & air pass thru
Laryngopharynx
post to larynx; food & air passageway
Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
provides a patent (open) airway, switching mechanism to route air and food, voice production
Trachea
windpipe, divides into bronchi; main airway
mucosa; propel debris-laden mucus towards pharynx
submucosa; help produce mucus "sheets", cleans/warms/moistens air
adventitia; encase hyaline cartilage rings
Bronchi
subdiv of trachea; air passageways in the lungs; cleans/warms/moistens air
Conductive
Right/Left Main Bronchi
Lobar/Secondary Bronchi
Segmental/Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
2 more items...
divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller
each supply one lung lobe
Respiratory
Alveoli Sacs
terminal clusters of alveoli; clusters of thin-walled air sacs; type I/II/macrophages
main sites of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)
Lungs
paired composite organs; alveoli & resp passageways,; house resp passageways smaller than main bronchi
Pleurae
serous membranes; double-layered; divide thoracic cavity into three chambers & prev infect
Parietal Pleura
covers thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
Visceral Pleura
covers external lung surface, dipping into fissures
Pleural Fluid
fills pleural cavity; allows lungs to glide over thorax wall
Differences Between the Right and Left Lung & Right and Left Bronchi
Lungs
two left lobes (superior/inferior) & three right lobes (superior/middle/inferior)
left lung smaller due to heart
Bronchi
right main bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertical than left
three lobar bronchi on the right & two on the left
left main bronchus longer and thinner
Lung Capacity Terminology
Respiratory Volume
Tidal Volume
quiet/passive breathing; 500 ml in/out
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
air forcibly inspired against tidal volume; 2100-3200 ml
Expiratory Reserve Volume
air forcibly expelled against tidal volume; 1000-1200 ml
Residual Volume
keep alveoli open & prevent collapse; 1200 ml
Respiratory Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity
total air inspired after normal tidal expiration (TV+IRV)
Functional Residual Capacity
air remaining after tidal expiration (RV+ERV)
Vital Capacity
total exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)
Total Lung Capacity
sum of all volumes
Misc
[Anatomical] Dead Space
volume of conducting zone conduits; 150 ml
Forced Vital Capacity
measures the amount of gas forcefully exhaled
Forced Expiratory Volume
determines the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of FVC
Internal & External Respiration
Internal Respiration
movement of gas between tissue & blood
oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue
carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue to blood
capillary gas exchange in tissue
partial pressure and diffusion gradients are reversed from external respiration
oxygen pressure very low --> oxygen rapidly moves into tissues
External Respiration
movement of gas between lungs & blood
oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood
carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to lungs
Influences
Partial Pressure Gradients & Gas Solubilities
gases move to areas of lowest pressure
greater solubility results in smoother diffusion
Thickness & Surface Area of the Respiratory Membrane
greater surface area results in more diffusion of gas
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
must be a close match in alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
Disorders of the Respiratory System
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Causes
tobacco smoke, air pollution, dust exposure
Symptoms
chronic cough, lung damage, heart disease
Treatment
smoking cessation, bronchodilators, lung reductors
Tuberculosis
bacterial infection in respiratory system
Causes
weak immune system, inhaled bacteria, drug/alcohol abuse
Symptoms
fever/fatigue, swollen lymph, chest pain
Treatment
surgery, antibiotics, medication
Pneumonia
bacterial or viral infection of lung
Causes
bacterial infection, aspiration, impaired immune system
Symptoms
fever, chills, chest pain
Treatment
antibiotics, oxygen therapy, over the counter meds
Lung Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth & development of lung tumors
Causes
smoking, asbestos, genetics
Symptoms
chest pain, fatigue, weight loss
Treatment
radiation, chemotherapy, surgical therapy
Seasonal Flu
viral infection changes rapidly year to year
Causes
inhaled respiratory, age, living conditions
Symptoms
dry cough, fatigue, nausea
Treatment
vaccination, medicine, rest/hydration
Breathing Mechanism
Terminology
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
pressure in alveoli; rises/falls; ALWAYS equalizes with atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)
pressure in pleural cavity; fluctuates; ALWAYS negative to intrapulmonary (-4)
Transpulmonary Pressure (Ppul-Pip)
prevents lung collapse, determines lung size
Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration; inward movement of gases; low lung pressure
diaphragm contracts
external intercostal muscles rise and lift ribs superiorly
thoracic volume increases (500ml)
lungs stretch (compliance)
intrapulmonary pressure falls
air travels into lungs, down pressure gradient
Expiration; outward movement of gases; high lung pressure
diaphragm/inspiratory muscles relax
thoracic volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure increases
gases travel out of lungs, down pressure gradient
Misc.
Surface Tension
draws liquid molecules closer and reduces gas contact
resist forces trying to increase surface area
ex. H2O; polar, reduce alveolar fluid surface tension
Lung Compliance
stretchiness of lungs
External & Internal Respiration
external; movement of respiratory gases from the lungs to the bloodstream
internal; movement of respiratory gases between tissue and bloodstream
+involvement with sense of smell & speech
Boyle's Law- low volume=high pressure; high volume=low pressure