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Respiratory System; Emerson Brown Period 4 (Disorders of the System (COPD:…
Respiratory System; Emerson Brown Period 4
Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
Alveoli: arranged in clusters throughout the lungs; assist in gas exchange
Respiratory Bronchioles: deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs
Alveolar sac: assist the alveoli in their function; air is dispersed in the sac
lobar brachi: delievers air to the two lobes of the left lung
Major Functions
Gas Exchange
Taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide (breathing)
Responsible for inspiration and expiration
Disorders of the System
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; form of asthma
Symptoms
Chronic cough
Wheezing
Heart disease
Treatment
Medication
Oxygen Therapy
Lung transplant
Risk Factors
Tobacco use
Air pollution
Asthmatic bronchitis
Tuberculosis: bacterial infection
Risk Factors
Weak immune system
Inhaled bacteria
Drug and alcohol use
Treatment
Surgery
Antibiotics
Medication
Symptoms
Fever and fatigue
Swollen lymph nodes
Chest pain
Pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Risk Factors
Bacterial infection
Impaired immune system
Aspiration
Symptoms
Fever
Chills
Chest pain
Treatment
Antibiotics
Oxygen therapy
Over the counter medication
Lung Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth in lungs
Risk Factors
Smoking
Abestos
Genetics
Symptoms
Chest pain
Fatigue
Weight loss
Treatment
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgical removal
Seasonal Flu: viral infection, which changes rapidly
Risk Factors
Age
Living conditions
Inhaling bacteria
Symptoms
Dry cough
Fatigue
Nausea
Treatment
Vaccination
Medicine
Rest and hydration
Pneumonthrax: collapsed lung; leaking of air in pleural space
Symptoms
Bullet punctures to thoracic wall and pleura
Treatment
Tube or needle is used to take out excess liquid, air, or fluid
Surgical procedure
Asthma: chronically inflamed hypersensitive bronchial passages
Risk Factors
Genetics
Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Trouble sleeping
Wheezing
Treatment
No cure
Treated with medication
Black Lung Disease: collections of dust and scarring spread throughout the lungs
Symptoms
Small stains on lung
Areas of swelling
Pain and sore chest
Risk Factors
Inhaling of mineral dust
Treatment
No cure !
Smoker’s Lungs: lungs appear dark and mottled; reduced capacity to absorb oxygen
Symptoms
Trouble breathing
Chest pain
Treatment
No cure, smoking can harm every single organ in the body !!
Risk factors
Tobacco, e-cigarette abuse
Organs of the Respiratory Tract
Trachea
main passageway where air passes from upper respiratory system to lungs
Bronchi
part of the conducting zone
carbon dioxide leaves through them
Larynx
houses vocal folds
situated below the point where the pharynx splits
Pharynx
allows for the movement of air from the nose and mouth
body cavity which connects oral and nasal cavities
Lungs: the main function of the lungs is to regulate respiration
Nose
filters air
chamber for speech
moistens air
contains smell receptors
provides airways
Internal and External Respiration
internal respiration: oxygen leaves the body, and carbon dioxide enters
tissues use oxygen to create carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide moves along its pressure gradient into blood
partial pressure and diffusion gradients are reversed
gas exchange takes place between blood and alveoli
capillary gas exchange in body tissue
External respiration: oxygen enters the system and carbon dioxide leaves through the blood
Basic Properties of Gases
Dalton's Law of partial pressure: total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted independently
Henry's Law: when gas is in contact with liquid, gases dissolves in the liquid in proportion of partial pressure
Composition of Alveolar Gas
Factors which influences external respiration
thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Lung capacity Terminology
Respiratory Volume
Tidal: respiratory volume
Inspiratory: amount of air inspired as a result of tidal volume
Expiratory: amount of air expelled after normal volume
Residual: air which remains in the lungs after the previous volumes; prevents collapse
Respiratory Capillaries
functional residual: amount of air which remains in lungs after tidal volume (ERV and RV)
vital capacity: total amount of exchangeable air (TV, IRV, ERV)
inspiratory capacity: total amount of air inspired after tidal
total lung capacity: sum of all lung volumes
Breathing mechanisms
when inhaling the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
when more space is available in the lung cavity, lungs expand to fill the dead space
muscles between the lungs help expand the lung cavity
the organs of the respiratory system assist in the transfer of air
Right and Left Lung
Right
shorter lung
three lobes
Left
longer lung
two lobes
Similarities
lungs are attached to the thorax
both lungs are surrounded in pleura
smooth surface, allows for better expansion
Right and left Bronchial
Right
shorter and wider
Left
longer and narrower
both function in the carrying of air from the trachea to lungs
provides oxygen