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Chapter 40 and 41 (Chapter 41 (Concept 41.1 (herbivore, carnivore, and…

- - - - Carnivore:eat other animals
      - Omnivore: consume animals as well as plant or algae
      - Herbivore:eat plant or algae
    - - chemical energy-produce ATP which gives enegy to several function
      - organic building block-need to grow, maintain itself,and reproduce
      - essential nutrients-serve as substrate that an animal requires but cannot assemble
        
        includes essential amino acids, which help make complete set of proteins
        
        Includes essential fatty acids,which synthesis cellular components
        
        Includes vitamin, organic compounds and small amount is required in a diet
        
        Vitamin B-FAD used in metabolism process
        
        Vitamin A-visual pigments of the eye
        
        Vitamin C-production of connective tissue
        
        Includes minerals,inorganic nutrients
        
        Sulfur-proteins
        
        need of nutrients can result as malnutrition
  - - - Ingestion- feeding of eating
        
        Filter feeder- aquatic animals, which strain small organisms from the surrounding medium
        
        2.Substrate feeder-live on their food source
        
        3.Fluid feeder-suck nutrients from a living host
        
        4.Bulk feeder-eat large pieces of food
      - Digestion- food is broken down to molecules
        
        Chemical- breaks bods by adding water
        
        Mechanical- break food into smaller pieces
        
        Intracellular- hydrolytic enzymes break down food
        
        Extracellular-breakdown of food into compartments that are continuous with the outside
        
        Gastrovasculuar cavity:distribution of nutrient and digestion, single opening
        
        alimentary canal:2 opening a mouth and anus
      - Absorption-small molecules are absorb the animals cell
      - Elimination- undigested material passes out of the digestive system
  - - - caused release of silvia (salivary glands)
        
        mucus- is a major component of silivia, which protect the gum
        
        Contains the enzyme amylase- breaks down starch
        
        bolus- food and silivia is shaped into a ball then received by pharynx which is a throat region.
        
        esophagus
        
        within, food is pushed along by peristalsis
        
        trachea
    - - storage
      - possess food into a liquid suspension
        
        causing chyme which is gastric juice mix in with food
        
        The breakdown of food by gastric juices is enhanced by muscular activity of the stomach
      - small intestine
        
        duodenum- where the chyme mixes with the digestive juices
        
        which stimulates the pancreases to secrete bicarbonate
        
        fat digestion is easy by bile salt
        
        major component of the bile
      - Within the microsscopic prohect called mivilli,eachepithelial cell has manycrovilli
        
        Continue of small intestine: nutritents could either be ative or passive
        
        active allows much more absorbytion of nutrient than passive diffust\ion
        
        Which then enter lacteal,which is a vessel at the core ofbeach villus
      - Processing of the large intestine
        
        cerum
        
        rectum
        
        colon
        
        feces are remained,which is the wast of the digestive system
  - - - the evolutionary of teeth usually have a relationship with teeth
      - herbivores usually have longer alignment canals than carnivores
  - - - Digestion: arrival of food releases the gastric food
        
        regulated by enteric nervous system
      - synthesis and breakdown of glycogen controlled by insulin and glucagon
- - - - In order to survive:
        
        Animals must exchange nutrients waste products,and gases with their environment.
        
        Interstitial fluid: the space between cells are filled with fluid
        
        interstitial and circulatory fluid exchange
        
        Enables cell to obtain nutrients and get rid of waste
    - - Cells are organized into tissues
        
        Tissues are organized in organ
        
        then they make up organ system
        
        Example:the skin is an organ
        
        Each organ has a specific role
        
        Tissue:
        
        Epithelial
        
        1 more item...
        
        Connective
        
        1 more item...
        
        Muscle
        
        1 more item...
        
        Nervous
        
        1 more item...
        
        Excretory
        
        Integumentary
        
        6.Endocrine
        
        Respitory
        
        7.reproductive
        
        circulatory
        
        digestive
        
        8.nervous
        
        Skeletal
        
        Muscular
    - - Endocrine System:signals molecules release into the bloodstream
      - Nervous system: neurons transmit signals along dedicated routs connecting specific location in the body
  - - - Regulator:if an animal uses internal mechanism to control internal changes in the face of external fluctuation
      - Conformer:if an animal allows internal conditions to change in accordance with external changes
      - Homeostasis:internal balance
        
        an example is humans
        
        Feedback Control
        
        Negative feedback: a control mechanism that "damps" its stimulus.
        
        Ex. when a human body sweats
        
        Positive feedback:: a control mechanism that amplifies the stimulus
        
        Ex. a baby being born(contractions)
  - - - Thermoregulation:maintain their body temperature within a normal range
        
        Endothermic: warmed by heated emery
        
        Ex:humans another mammals
        
        Ectothermic:gain most of their heat from external sources
        
        Ex:reptiles and fishes
    - - Radiation
      - Evaporation
      - Convention
        
        Heat is always transferred from an object of higher temp. to a lower temp.
        
        Insulation: reduces the flow of heat between an animals body and its environment.
        
        Ex:when animal raise their fur or when humans get "goosebumps"
        
        Circulatory Adaptation:heat flow between exterior and interior of the body
        
        Countercurrent Exchange:transfer of heat and minimize heat loss similar to insulation
      - Conduction
  - - - Activity
        
        life requires energy transfer and transformation
        
        called bioenergetics
      - Environment
      - Animal size
      - Hetertrophs: rely on other animals/plant for food/energy
      - Autotrophs: produce their own food/energy from sunlight
        
        produce ATP
    - - Helps determine the amount of energy an animal uses in order for some functions
        
        measures in joules, calories or kilocalories.
        
        torpor:decreases activity and metabolism in order to save energy
        
        Used in many small mammals and birds
        
        Hibernation:adaptation to winter cold and food sacrcity
        
        body tempeture dips betow 0 celcius
        
        metabolism rate could be 20 times lower
      - Basic metabolic rate: when metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm is at rest, without stress.
        
        measured under conferrable temperature range
      - standard metabolic rate:fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a rest at a particular temp.
      - Influenced by:age, sex, size, activity, temperature, and nutrition