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70 year-old woman has difficulty breathing because of viral infection in…
70 year-old woman has difficulty breathing because of viral infection in lungs and pneumonia
Lung anatomy
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
goblet cells secret and store mucus
epithelial cells sweep mucus into the nasopharynx
Alveolar Type 1 cells: make up 95% of alveolar surface area and are moist and prone to collapse due to high surface tension
Alveolar Type 2 cells: secrete pulmonary surfactant which opposes surface tension and prevent the collapse of alveoli
Gas Laws
Boyle's law: at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases
Dalton's law: the sum of all partial pressure is equal to the total atmospheric pressure
Henry's Law: at a given temperature, the solubility of a as in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid
partial pressure
partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas within a picture of gases
it is measured in mmHg
a partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for a gas is higher in one region than another
how elevation affects P.P.
the fall in atmospheric pressure at a higher altitudes decreases the partial pressure of inspired oxygen and drives pressure for gas exchange in the lungs
effects of inflammation
laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx
hoarse voice, sore throat, and sometimes fever
swelling of epiglottis may lead to airway obstruction
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi
acute: develops quickly and resolves in 2 weeks or less
chronic: results from long term exposure to irritants
you have large amounts of mucus and a cough that last 3 months
Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleural membranes
severe chest pains associated with breathing
occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity
Respiratory physiology at the alveoli level
Gas exchange happens in the millions of alveoli in the lungs. Inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.
Age: become more susceptible to infections
Viral infection: body is susceptible to developing another infection because the body is busy fighting off the viral infection
Location: the air in higher altitudes is colder, less dense, and contains fewer oxygen molecules.
all work together to cause an infection such as pneumonia
Pulmonary edema:
can be caused due to higher elevations and/or a viral infection
this would explain the wheezy cough and fluid in the lungs
can be caused by a problem in the heart- the left ventricle isn't able to pump out the blood that enters it from the lungs, this causes the fluid backup and increased pressure
Acute Bronchitis: inflammation in the bronchial tubes and is sometimes caused by a viral infection
if left untreated the infection can move from the airways into the lungs causing...
Pneumonia:
inflammation of the lungs
this would explain most of her symptoms such as the fast, shallow breathing and wheezing
if left untreated, the pleura can become swollen, creating sharp pains while breathing. Because of the patients age, this could lead to respiratory failure and ultimately death