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Organizational Structure (Organization (Six key elements of organizational…

- - - - a) Work specialization
        
        Work specialization increases the efficiency in using employees' skills. Training for specialization is more efficient in that it is easier and less costly to find and train workers to do specific, repetitive, limited tasks than to find and train workers to do all the tasks. Work specialization increases efficiency and productivity by encouraging the creation of special inventions and machinery.
      - b) Chain of command
        
        Twenty-five years ago, the chain-of-command concept was a basic cornerstone in the design of organizations. It has far less importance today.
      - c) Span of control
        
        Wide spans of control : reduce costs, cut overhead, speed up decision making, increase flexibility, get closer to customers and empower employees.
      - d) Centralization and decentralization
        
        quick action to solve problems+more people provide input into decisions and employees are less likely to feel alienated from those who make the decisions that affect their work lives.
        Some organizations pursue a more participative climate through decentralization.
        
        In others, top management might wish to maintain greater control and tend to centralize decision making. There has been a trend toward decentralizing decision making.
      - e) Formalization
        
        Formalization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. In highly formalized organizations the job load has a minimal amount of discretion over what is to be done, when it is to be done, and how he or she should do it. A very formalized organization tolerates little variability in the way members perform their tasks. Some formalization stems from the nature of the job itself; assembly line manufacturing is a good example for this.
      - f) Departmentalization
        
        Once you have divided jobs up through work specialization, you will need to group the jobs together so that common tasks can be coordinated. The basis on which jobs are grouped is called departmentalization.
        
        This process represents the core aspects of the horizontal division of labor. It should be recognized that “department” is a generic term;