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Cardiovascular System, Natalie Reyes, Period 4 (Cardiovascular Disorders,…

- - - - protects, anchors, & prev. overfilling
    - - Parietal Layer
        
        lines internal fibrous pericardium
      - Visceral Layer
        
        attaches to arteries and over external heart
      - two layers, thin, & slippery
- - - - largest; near heart, aorta, & major branches; elastin in all tunics (especially tunica media)
        
        conduct blood from heart to medial arteries; pressure reservoirs, expand/recoil as heart ejects
    - - distal to elastic arteries; thickest tunica media, more smooth muscles & less elastic
        
        deliver blood to specific organs; active in vasoconstriction
    - - smallest; tunica media, chiefly smooth muscle & few elastic fibers
        
        determine blood flow to capillary beds; diameter constrict=bypass tissue, diameter dilate=blood flow increase dramatically
  - - - least permeable; most common
    - - large pores; increased permeability
    - - most permeable; limited locations
  - - - large lumen & thin walls
        
        accommodate large blood volume
        
        large diameter ensures low pressure
- - - - Isovolumetric Contraction
        
        Ventricular Relaxation Phase
        
        Isovolumetric Relaxation
        
        ventricles relax and valves close due to greater pressure in the aorta & pulmonary arteries
        
        T Wave
        
        valves open and blood is pumped out and through the aorta & pulmonary arteries
        
        S-T Segment
        
        ventricles contract, building pressure until aortic & pulmonary valves open
        
        QRS Waves
      - atria contract, completely filling ventricles
      - P-Q Segment
- - - - causes; blood clot, plaque in coronary arteries, high blood pressure
        
        symptoms; chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness
        
        treatment; nitroglycerin, angioplasty, open heart surgery
  - - - causes; blood vessel inflammation, smoking, atherosclerosis
        
        symptoms; extremity numbness, intermittent claudication, wounds that will not heal
        
        treatment; medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery
  - - - causes; blood clot in brain artery, aneurysm, high blood pressure
        
        symptoms; severe headache, memory loss, muscle weakness
        
        treatment; thrombolytics, blood thinners, physical therapy
  - - - causes; virus/bacterial/fungal infection, allergic reaction to medication/allergens, heart valve damage
        
        symptoms; heart palpitation, chest pain, edema
        
        treatment; pacemaker implant, reduced activity, diuretics
  - - - causes; tricuspid atresia, pulmonary stenosis, cortic stenosis
        
        symptoms; cyanosis common, may be asymptomatic
        
        treatment; surgical intervention, medication, abnormalities may heal on their own
- - - - receive unoxygenated blood from systemic circuit
    - - pump unoxygenated blood into pulmonary circuit
    - - prevent backflow into right ventricle
    - - prevent backflow into right atrium
  - - - receive oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit
    - - pump oxygenated blood into systemic circuit
    - - prevent backflow into left ventricle
    - - prevent backflow into left atrium
  - - - transport unoxygenated blood into the right side of the heart
    - - transport oxygenated blood into the left side of the heart
    - - transport unoxygenated blood to the lungs
    - - transport oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
    - - hold atrioventricular valves in place
    - - attach to and anchor the chordae tendinae
    - - divides left/ride sides of internal heart
    - - divides left/ride sides of external heart
- - - - Metabolic Control
        
        flow regulated by: low O2, high H+/K+/adenosine/prostaglandin
        
        Nitric Oxide
        
        vasodilator
        
        Endothelin
        
        vasoconstrictor
      - Myogenic Control
        
        stretch vessels
        
        increase stretch --> vasoconstrict
        
        decrease stretch --> vasodilate
- - - - calf; supply inferior portion of leg
    - - trunk; supply legs and pelvic area
    - - upper heart; low-resistance pathway for blood flow being ejected out of the left ventricle
    - - heart; supply to brain
    - - heart; supply right subclavian/carotid
    - - armpit; supply axillary and arm
    - - chest; supply lateral regions of the breast and upper thorax
    - - neck; supply blood to the brain, neck, and face
    - - aorta; supply body with blood from heart
    - - forearm; supplies arms and hands
    - - ankle; supply inferior portion of leg
    - - forearm; supply lower arm and hand
    - - abdomen; supply to legs
    - - upper arm; supply to arm and hand
    - - thigh; supply to thigh and leg
  - - - forearm; drain from forearm
    - - lower body; drain from lower half of body
    - - rib/armpit; drain from upper extremities
    - - abdomen; drain from pelvis and lower limbs
    - - upper chest region; drain from lower body to right atrium
    - - neck; drain from upper limbs, neck, and head
    - - superficial neck; drain from head, brain, face and neck
    - - lower leg; drain from lower limb
    - - radial area of arm; drain from hand and forearm
    - - leg area from ankle to groin; drain from ankle, lower leg, and thigh
    - - upper arm; drain from shoulder and elbow
    - - ulnar side of arm; drain from dorsal venous network of the hand
    - - armpit; drain from lateral thorax
    - - shoulder; drain from arm
    - - center of neck; drain from brain, face, and neck
    - - thigh; drain from leg and pelvic region
    - - pelvic region; drain blood from pelvis visceral organs
- - - - Tricuspid Valve
        
        Right Ventricle
        
        Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
        
        Pulmonary Artery
        
        Lungs
        
        Pulmonary Veins
        
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