year 8 geography mind-map
7 KEY CONCEPTS OF GEOGRAPHY
scale - geographers study things that take place on any levels, form local to global.
environment - the worlds is made up of many different environments, some are physical, some are cultural. Cultural means man-made and physical means natural.
change - the earth is constantly changing, sometimes fast sometimes slowly.
space - how things are arranged on the earth’s surface.
sustainability - sustainability is the ongoing capacity of the earth to maintain all life, living sustainably means doing everything that satisfies our current needs but not impacting future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
place - parts of the earth’s surface that are identified by people and given meaning
interconnection - links between people and places
GRID REFERENCES
Alpha-numeric - grid reference with numbers and letters
four-figure and six-figure - grid reference with four or six numbers
Northings and Eastings - northings are the lines that run side to side and the numbers increase as you go north. eastings are the lines that go up and down and the numbers increase as you go east.
area reference - An area reference is a way of referring to a particular grid box (bottom left corner of the box)
longitude and latitude -The long lines on the globe between the North Pole and the South Pole are referred to by the term longitude whereas the lines running sideways are called latitude, they are both measured by degrees. It is 0 degrees longitude across the Prime Meridian that passes through the Greenwich. Lines that run east to west (across the earth) are called lines (or parallels) of latitude. Lines that run north to south (down the earth) are called lines (or meridians) of longitude. The middle line of latitude (0 degrees) is called the equator and the middle line of longitude (0 degrees) is called the prime meridian
BOLTSS (six key concepts of a map)
Orientation - directions (N,NE,NW,E,S,SE,SW,W)
legend (key) - what the symbols represent
Border - maps need a border to show where it ends
Title - what the map is about
Source - where you got the information from
Scale - map measurements to actual measurements, three types. (written, line and ratio)
6 TYPES OF LANDSCAPES
arid - hot or cold deserts (usually areas that receive no more than 250 milliliters of rain per year.
riverine - landscapes are excellent for farming because the land is rich and fertile. this includes rivers, lakes and ponds.
mountain - mountainous landscapes that includes volcanoes, glaciers and mountain ranges.
coastal - areas near the coast, usually highly populated, this includes beaches
karst - Formed when easily disolvable bedrock is worn away by acidic water. an example of this is springs and caves
human - man made areas that sometimes use natural features,
TECTONIC PLATES
the Earths crust is broken up into large pieces called tectonic plates, they are around 100 kilometres thick and they fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. currents in the magma that is under the tectonic plates cause them too move around.
in some places tectonics plates are conversing. that means that they are pushing into each-other, this creates mountain ranges
in other places, tectonic plates are diverging, which means they are pulling apart from each other. this creates riffs in the Earths surface and causes magma to ooze through and create new land.
tectonic plates also cause things like earthquakes and volcanoes, volcano are made when magma is pushed through the earths crust and earthquakes are caused when edges of tectonic plates are pushed and grinded onto each-other.
MOUNTAINS
mountains are formed when the Earths surface is pushed upwards.
they can crumple the earth into long mountain chains (e.g the Andes or the Himalayas) or they can push right through the earth and create volcanoes.
there are 3 types of mountain; fold mountains, block mountains and volcanic mountains
- block mountains - created when cracks in the Earth’s crust called faults force blocks of land upwards.
- fold mountains - created by upward pressure where two tectonic plates collide. As the plates converge, layers of rock are pushed upwards creating fold mountains
- volcanic mountains - created when magma pushes its way from beneath the Earth to the crust. the material that comes out of the volcano build up on the Earth's surface and creates new land and landforms.
mountains can be very dangerous places, the obvious dangers in volcanic areas are volcano eruptions, but their are many more dangers like steep hillsides and unpredictable weather that can cause avalanches and landslides. Earthquakes are also common and extremely dangerous in mountainous regions
MIGRATION
migration is the movement of people from one place to another
internal and international migration
internal - moving within a country (e.g. Perth-Melbourne)
international - over seas migration (e.g. america-Autralia)
types of migration
involuntary - forced movement from or within unstable areas because of conflict.
seasonal - moving as a result of agricultural cycles
rural-urban - movement of people from country sides to towns and cities within the same country.
voluntary - when people chose to move freely from one place to another.
illegal - when people enter a country or cross a boarder without permission.
LIVING IN CITIES
advantages
disadvantages
cities provide more social advantages then rural cities because there is a higher concentration of people in a small area. it is cheaper and easier to supply goods and services to people close together, as a result, people who live in cities have better access to goods and services. Cities provide their residents with essential services such as healthcare/doctors, public transport, education facilities, electricity and water supplies, supermarkets, WiFi and much more, they also provide leisure activities and fun things such as restaurants, boutiques, movie theaters, casinos, zoos and aquariums sporting and other big events and forms of entertainment
social - the disadvantages to city dwellers differ from suburbs to suburb. over crowding and high housing prices can affect those living in the inner city, while lack of schools and hospitals might be a disadvantage to those living in new housing estates in the edges of the city
environmental - cities change and damage the natural environment . the people, cars, factories and industries pollute the air, water and soil, and the goods and services needed by residents are often transported over long distances, creating even more pollution.
MEGA-CITIES
today, more people are living in cities than ever before, in fact 50 of every 100 people live in cities This increase has resulted in the growth of many cities worldwide, and an explosion in the number of very large cities, known as megacities, which are cities with a population of more then 10 million
two of the world biggest megacities are Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and New Delhi, capital of North India.
New Delhi has doubled its population from 1990 to 25 million, and it is ranked among the worst cities for air quality and pollution. Seoul has a population of 25 million, which is over half of South Korea's population