Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

GEOGRAPHY (Key concepts (Environment (The world’s made up of many…

- - - - Some are physical – created by nature (deserts, grasslands, mountains etc.)
      - Some are cultural – created by humans (cities, towns etc.)
- - - - Created when the magma pushes its way from under the Earth to the crust.
    - - Created by the upward pressure where the tectonic plates collide and the layers of rock are pushed upwards.
    - - Created when cracks in the crust force blocks of land upwards.
  - - - Soil creep
        
        The gradual movement of soil, rocks and earth down a slope.
      - Slumping
        
        The movement of large sections of soil and rocks.
      - Avalanches
        
        The rapid movement of snow down steep mountain slopes.
      - Mudslides
        
        When there has been heavy rain, quick thawing earth, earthquakes or volcanic activity and mud slurry runs downhill.
  - - - The solid layer that forms movable plates.
    - - Made up of melted rock which moves around like thick liquid.
    - - Made up of liquid metal and pure iron 1000 C
    - - 10000 C
- - - - Lines that run from north to south.
        
        Lines of longitude are measured in east and west of the Greenwich (Prime Meridian), located at 0 degrees longitude.
    - - Lines that run from east to west.
        
        Lines of latitude are measured in degrees north and south of equator, located at 0 degrees latitude.
- - - - Formed by tectonic plates on the earth;s surface pushing each other (convergent boundary).
        
        Mountain Range
        
        Chain of connected mountains.
    - - Where the land meets the sea.
        
        Bays
        
        Broad, curved indentation in the coastline.
    - - Formed by the natural movement of water.
        
        Delta
        
        Fan-shapes, low lying area of deposits at the mouth of a river.
    - - An area of land which receives no more then 250 mm of rain per year.
        
        Butte
        
        Flat-topped hill.
    - - Formed when easily dissolved bedrock is worn away by acidic water.
        
        Cave
        
        A large hollow underground with an opening.
    - - Created by people and provide evidence of human settlement and occupation of an environment.
        
        Buildings
- - - - The sections in which cities have for a purpose or function.
        
        New Growth Zone
        
        New housing estates.
        
        Outer Business District
        
        Commercial areas located on major roads.
        
        CBD
        
        The oldest and most accessible part of the city.
        
        Industrial Areas
        
        Factories, mills and warehouses.
        
        Inner Mixed Zones
        
        Located beside CBD including a mixture of functions.
        
        Parkland and Nature Areas
        
        Essential nature areas for ensuring plants and animals remain healthy.
        
        Residential Areas
        
        Largest area of any city used for housing to provide essential facilities.
        
        Rural-urban Fringe
        
        Located on the edge of the city where the urban land use and the rural land use meet.
    - - Disadvantages
        
        Environmental
        
        pollution caused by people, factories, cars and industries
        
        the loss native plants and animals due to buildings
        
        Social
        
        traffic congestion
        
        rise in cost of housing, food and utilities
        
        waiting times for schools, public transport and medical care
        
        rates of crime
      - Advantages
        
        Economic
        
        access to work, industry, trade and income.
        
        best access to transport links alike major highways, ports, railway lines and airports.
        
        Social
        
        schools
        
        hospitals
        
        entertainment - sporting and cultural events
    - - Urban areas with populations of more than 10 million people.
        
        Seoul
        
        New Delhi
        
        Jakarta
        
        Tokyo
    - - Suburbanisation
        
        Making more land on the outskirts of cities available for new suburbs to be built.
      - Urban Renewal
        
        Redevloping existing areas of unused land for buildings within cities to provide housing for new communities.
      - Decentralisation
        
        Encouraging the growth of regional and suburban areas by moving jobs and businesses there, rather than keeping things concentrated in the CBD of major cities.
- - - - Rural-Urban
        
        The movement from countrysides to towns and cities within the same country in search of new opportunities and better lifestyles.
      - Voluntary
        
        When people choose to move freely from one place to another.
      - Involuntary
        
        Forced movement from or within unstable regions as a result of conflict.
      - Seasonal
        
        When people move as a result of agricultural cycles.
      - Illegal
        
        When people enter a country or cross a border without the permission of the government or the correct legal documents.
      - Internal
        
        The movement of people from one defined area to another within a country.
      - International
        
        When people move from one country to another.
    - - Cheaper land.
      - Change in lifestyle.
      - Movement to regional coastal towns, known as 'sea change'.
      - Family life.
      - Income.
      - Health.