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Cardiovascular System :<3: Ezequiel Herrera Period 4 (disorders of…
Cardiovascular System :<3:
Ezequiel Herrera
Period 4
Major functions of the
cardiovascular system
Protection Function
To protect the body from infection and blood loss
Regulation Function
To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
To helpmaintain fluid balance within the body
Anatomy of the heart
two receiving chambers
right atrium
receives blood returning from the systemic circuit
left atrium
receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit
two main pumping chambers
right ventricle
pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit
left ventricle
pumps blood into the systemic circuit
ejects blood into the aorta
Grooves
coronary sulcus
encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles
anterior interventricular sulcus
separating the right and left ventricles
posterior interventricular sulcus
provides a similar landmark on the heart’s posteroinferior surface
Veins of the Heart
Blood enters the right atrium through these veins
inferior vena cava
returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm
coronary sinus
collects blood draining from the myocardium
superior vena cava
returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm
Left Atrium Veins
Four pulmonary veins
transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
Heart valves
atrioventricular (AV) valves
tricuspid valve
right AV valve
prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
mitral valve
left AV valve
Semilunar (SL) Valves
Aortic SL valve
pulmonary SL valves
prevent backflow into the associated ventricles
chordae tendineae
anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls
Coverings of the
heart
pericardium
A double-walled sac that encloses the hear
fibrous pericardium
loosely fitting superficial part of this sac
anchors the hear to surrounding structures
prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
protects the heart
serous pericardium
A thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart
Layers of the Heart Wall
epicardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
infiltrated with fat
endocardium
white sheet of endothelium resting on a thin connective tissue layer
lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves
Blood flow through the heart and body
1)Superior Vena Ceva
2)Inferior Vena Cava
3)Coronary Sinus
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary SL valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Oxygen poor blood is carried in two pulmonary artieries to the lungs
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via the 4 pulmonary veins
1 more item...
Major arteries and veins of the body
Arteries
Aortic Arch
between the ascending and descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
thorax
Ascending aorta
portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle
Abdominal Aorta
abdomen
Brachiocephalic
trunk
arises from the aortic arch
Common carotid arterty
located on each side of the neck
Brachial Artery
upper arm
More Arteries
Ulnar Artery
hand and forearm
Common illiac artery
edges of the pelvis
Radial artery
forearm
Femoral Artery
Femur
Fibular Artery
Fibula
Anterior tibial artery
Tibia
Axillary Artery
lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla and the upper limb
Subclavian artery
below the clavicle
Veins
Ulnar Veins
back of the hand and arm
Brachial Vein
between the shoulder and the elbow
Radial Veins
back of the hand and arm
Axillary Vein
thorax, axilla, and upper limb
Basilic Vein
forearm
Subclavian Vein
neck and shoulder area
Cephalic Vein
Antebrachial
Brachiocephalic Vein
thorax
Superior VC
anterior right superior mediastinum
More Veins
Great Saphenous vein
Leg
External iliac vein
Pelvis region
Femoral Vein
upper thigh and pelvic region
Internal iliac vein
Pelvis region
External Jugular Vein
Neck
Common iliac vein
Pelvis region
Internal Jugular Vein
Neck
Inferior VC
anterior right inferior mediastinum
structural and functional differences
between blood vessel types
Functional Differences
Veins
carry blood
toward
the heart
capillaries
sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
collect carbon dioxide waste materials
arteries
Carry blood
away
from the heart
Structural differences
Veins
“join,” “merge,” and “converge” into the successively larger vessels approaching the heart
valve flaps to keep the blood from moving backward in the vessel
capillaries
Smallest Blood vessel
Form networks unlike veins and arteries
arteries
“branch,” “diverge,” or “fork” as they form smaller and smaller divisions
Intrinsic Controls and (Factors??)
Changes in blood flow through individual organs are controlled intrinsically
Achieved by modifying the diameter of local arterioles feeding the capillaries
intrinsic control mechanisms classed as metabolic (chemical) or myogenic (physical)
determine the final autoregulatory response of a tissue
Metabolic Controls
blood flow is too low to meet a tissue’s needs, oxygen levels decline and metabolic products ( accumulate
serve as stimuli that lead to automatic increases in tissue blood flow
Myogenic Controls
responses of vascular smooth muscle
responds directly to passive stretch with increased tone, which resists the stretch and causes vasoconstriction.
hyperemia
increased blood flow into a tissue that occurs after the blood supply to area has been temporarily blocked
results both from the myogenic response and from the metabolic wastes that accumulated
Distributes blood to individual tissues and organs as needed
Autoregulation
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac Cycle
includes all events associated with the blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat
2) Isovolumetric contraction
As the atria relax, the ventricles begin contracting and close in on the blood, and ventricular pressure rises rapidly, closing the AV valves
The isovolumetric stage ends as the SL valves are forced open
3) Ventricular ejection
blood rushes from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
1) Ventricular filling
Pressure in the heart is low, blood returning from the circulation is flowing passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
Pulmonary and Aortic SL valves are closed
4) Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricles relax and the blood remaining in their chambers is no longer compressed
Ventricular pressure drops rapidly and blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk flows back toward the heart
ECG Cycle
ECG illustrates the electrical events that drive the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
PR segment
reflects the time delay between atrial and ventricular activation
PR interval
time between the onset of atrial depolarization and the onset of ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
represents the electrical impulse as it spreads through the ventricles and indicates ventricular depolarization
ST segment
interval between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
QT interval
ventricular depolarization, to the end of the T wave, resulting from ventricular repolarization
disorders of the cardiovascular system
Endocarditis and Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
Symptoms
Chest pain, fatigue, edema
Treatment Options
Antibiotics, medication, reduced activity
Causes
Virus, Bacterial, or Fungal infection
Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth
Treatment Options
Medication, surgical intervention, self-heal treatment
Symptoms
Dependent of condition, cyanosis, asymptomatic
Causes
Tetralogy of Fallot, aortic stenosis, Ebstein's anomaly
Myocardial Infarction
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Treatment Options
Angioplasty, Nitroglycerin, thrombolytics
Symptoms
Chest pain, radiating pain, dizzyness
Causes
Blood clot, smoking, stress
Peripheral artery disease
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Treatment Options
medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery
Symptoms
Leg and arm pain, extremity numbness, weak pulse
Causes
Smoking, obesity, limb trauma
Cerebrovascular Accident
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is blocked
Symptoms
Severe headache, Memory loss, confusion
Treatment Options
Blood thinners, physical therapy, surgical intervention
Causes
Blood clot, clogged arteries, high B.P
artificial EPO
increases hematocrit, which allows athlete
to increase stamina and performance
Blood becomes like sludge and can cause clotting,
stroke, or heart failure
anemia
lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues
feel tired and weak
Transportation function
Transports nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
myocardium
composed mainly of cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart
This layer contracts
cardiac muscle cells are tethered to one another, linking all parts of the heart together.
Blood Flow Pic
