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Y10 Chemistry (Chemical Equations/reactions (types of reactions (reactipns…

- - - - s = solid
      - l = liquid
      - g = gas
      - aq = aqueous
        
        meaning desoveld in water all acids and bases are aqueous
  - - - The LAW of consenvation of mass
      - discribe what os going on
      - needing to calculate quanities
    - - write the corret formulers
      - you can not chage subscrips
      - you can add numbers in frount of formukars to make them balanced
  - - - x + y -> xy
      - two things coming together to form a product
    - - xy -> x + y
      - one thing breaking down in to 2 or more reactance
      - some substances only decompose when at high temperatures
        
        this is called thermal decomposing
    - - when two clear solutions are mixed together and a solid is formed
      - when two soluble reactiants combine to form and insoluble product the precipate
      - (aq) + (aq) -> (aq) + (s)
    - - acids
        
        ia a substance that relases hydrogen inons (H+) in to and aquous
        
        Acids are always in the state of aqueouse
        
        acids you need to know
        
        Hydrocloric Acid (HCl)
        
        nitric acid (HNO3)
        
        sulphuric acid (H2 SO4)
      - basses
        
        is a substance that relases hydroxide ions (OH-)
        
        if a base can be dissolved in water is forms a alkine solution
        
        bases can also be corsive (caustic)
      - pH scale
        
        power od hydrogen scale
        
        low pH = lots of H+
        
        high pH = lots of OH-
      - types of reactions
        
        neutralation Reactions
        
        acid + base -> salt (ionic compound) + water
        
        acids and metals
        
        acid + metal -> metal salt + hydrogen gas
        
        acids and carbonates (CO3)
        
        acid + carbonate -> water + carbondioxid + metal salt
        
        you would use this reaction for a bad acid spill
  - - - temperture
        
        higher temps incress the rate of the reactions
        
        higher temps = more partical movment, increaingthe canch of molecus colliding and reacting (and vice versa)
        
        higher temps = more energy in each partical, so when they collide they are more likly to break bonds and rearrange (and vice versa)
      - concentration
        
        incressing the consentrstion will incress thr rate of reaction
        
        more particals = more chance of collisions occering (and vice versa)
      - surface area
        
        incressing the surface area incresses the number of particals that can react at the same time
        
        reactions can be speed up if solid reatants ar cut o crushed
      - Agitation
        
        AKA stirring
        
        agitation ensurs that the reactantsare are in constent contact with the other products
      - Catalysts
        
        catuats are chemicals that speed up chemical reactions but are notused up (consumed) in the process
        
        they do this by:
        
        reducing the amount od energy requiered to conserve the reactions into the products
        
        make it eaiser for the reatant molecules to combine and form a product
- - - - Electrons are found in regions around the neuclus called "electron shells" or "energy levels"
- - - - like tipical metales
      - transition metals
    - - occer maturally in the atmosphere increbly stable
        
        they only under rare and extrem circomstanceses
      - colourless gases
      - they are nobel gasses
      - they are the happies of all becuse they have adull outer shell
    - - they have cloured and poisonous vapours
      - all form di atomic molecules
      - not normaly found in nature as pure form due to reactivness, but are comminly found as salts
      - form ions with 1- charge
      - As up move from top to bottom they get less reactive
      - halogens
      - from diatomic molicules with them selves
    - - carbon
        
        carbon is in organic molicules, fossil fuels, plastics, and it is the back bone
        
        can etjer gain or lose electrons
        
        allotrops
        
        buckball
        
        caol
        
        graphite
        
        diamond
        
        are the same element but different due to the stucture
      - silicon, well knwon semi-conducter, metal silicods form 75% of the earths crust (sand, clay, Quates)
      - gernanium has a cristal stucture, it is used as a catales in fluresent lights and semo conducters
      - lead and tin take on normal metal propites
    - - as you go down the group the reactivty incresses
      - simlar to group 1 just less reactive
        
        becuase they hace 2 elecrons on their outher shell making it harder to get rid of 2 not just 1
      - alkali earths
    - - are very reacive
        
        not usealy found in pure form
      - for 1+ ions
      - have typic metallic propierteis
      - alkali metals
- - - - every atom wants to have a full outer shell or be like a noble gass
      - non-meatkes are willing to shear electrons with other non-meatles if it benefits both or all aroms that are bonded
      - one line = one bond = 2 electrons being shared
        
        F-F is a single bond
        
        O=O is a doble bond
      - they just want to be happy :)
      - diffent elements
        
        H alawys has 1
        
        O alawys has 2
        
        N alawys has 3
        
        C always has 4
    - - what is an ion
        
        any atom where no. of electrons does not equel no. of protons
        
        If it loses electrons it is more positive and is a cation
        
        If it gains electrons the atom become more negitve becoming an anion
        
        they do this to have a full outer shell and have the conficuration of a noble gas
      - because one has a positve charge and the others have a negitive they act lke magnets and become balenced or you do the cris cross method
        
        eg. group 1 normaly go with group 17 as they cancel out but they do not have to
      - only works between meatles and non-meatels
      - they can not conduct electricty due to being nutral but they can if desloved in water
        
        in water it seperates into tje ions so there is a positve and negitve charge to condict the electritcy
      - the atraction to other ions comes from all around and this why they for lattices
      - polyatomic ions
        
        some elements join together to form on ion
        
        eg. OH- wich means the whole thing is negitvely charged
      - naming ionic componds
        
        writen positive ions folowed by negitive ion
        
        the negitve ion will normaly end with -ide