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34 year old male with AIDS; was diagnosed with HIV a year before…
34 year old male with AIDS; was diagnosed with HIV a year before
Immune System
Organs
Secondary Organs
Lymph Nodes
MALT
Tonsils
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
Spleen
Primary Organs
Red Bone Marrow
Thymus
Cells
Lymphocytes
T-Cells: Manage immune response, some attack/destroy infected cells
B-Cells: Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
Phagocytes
Dendritic Cells: Capture antigens & deliver them to lymph nodes; help activate T-Cells
Macrophages: Attack foreign substances & help attack T-Cells
NK Cells
Work to control viral infections
Components/Physiology of the Immune System
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses
:
Ready to respond within minutes to protect the body from foreign substances
Surface Barriers (1st line of defense)
Skin: Keratin,Sebum, Acid
Mucous Membranes: Mucus, Nasal Hairs, Gastric Juices, Cilia, Antibacterial Proteins, Lysozymes, HCI
Internal Defenses (2nd line of defense)
Phagocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophyls, MAST cells, Microglia, Kupffer cells
Fever
Caused by pyrogens, stimulates high metabolism, damage pathogens
NK Cells
Secrete perforins, cytolytes, histamines, cytokines, activated by viruses, destroyers
Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferon- makes cells resistant to viral reproduction, antiviral drug
Complement- Proteins C1-C9 that link to antibodies (classical path), or factors B, D, & P that link to glycocalyx. Both lead to pathogen cell lysis
CRP- (from liver) binds to pathogen to mark it for destruction by macrophages.
Inflammation- Response to infection causing dilation of blood vessels, redness, pain, swelling, realease of leukocytosis-inducing factors, attracting neutrophils
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
: Attacks identified foreign substances
Humoral Immunity
B-cells
Antibody Mediated- triggered by antigens complete, incomplete (Haptens), antigenic determinants, self antigens (MHC class I & II)
When antigens, clones itself, makes plasma proteins, which produce antibodies. or memory B cells to remember pathogen
Cellular Immunity
T-cells
Cell Mediated- when activated by antigen, stimulates macrophages to hunt & destroy pathogen
APCs (dendritic cells), present antigens to T & B-cells to find the right match to start cloning process
What could happen?
Symptoms
Unintentional weightloss/body mass
Decreased physical energy
Nutritional deficiencies
Weakness
How did it happen?
HIV destroys T-cells which help fight diseases
HIV then uses proteins from the cell to make more copies of the virus
AIDS happens when your immune system has a very low level of T-cells
Your body is unable to fight off certain infections/viruses & it could be fatal
No Helper T-cells?
If destroyed, they aren't able to help stimulate B-cells to make antibodies & activate macrophages to kill microorganisms.
Body cannot make antibodies properly & infected cells containing HIV can't be properly eliminated
Body becomes susceptible to many infections
AIDS is acquired immune deficiency syndrome, it is a set of symptoms and illnesses that stemmed from HIV
If untreated?
Will start to reduce his number of T-cells; he will be more likely to get more infections, which will make them harder to fight off
Leukocytes
Monocytes: They quickly rush to the site for attack when certain germs enter the body
Lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes: Participate in the processes of cellular immunity
B-Lymphocytes: Participate in the processes of humoral immunity
NK-Lymphocytes: Natural cytotoxicity against cancer cells & virus infected cells
Neutrophils: When getting signal that an infection is present, they are the first cells to migrate to the site of the infection to begin killing.
Basophils: Prevents blood clotting, also fight parasitic infections
Eosinophils: Trap substances, kill cells, protects your body from bacteria and parasites
Viral or Bacterial?
Viral
Caused by viruses
Antibiotics will NOT kill
Viruses insert into cells and DNA to reproduce; has to wait for the immune system to fight it off
Some vaccines
Bacterial
Caused by bacteria
Antibiotics WILL kill
Antibiotics decrease the growth of bacteria
HIV? AIDS?
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Is a virus that may cause an infection
Immune system deteriorates
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Is a condition
Happens when HIV has caused serious damage to the immune system
Certain cancers are more likely due to a less effective immune system
Lytic and Lysogenic
