Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
5.7 protecting aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services (how can we…
5.7 protecting aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services
difficulty to protect: aquatic bio>terrestrial bio
human eco footpring/fishprint outgrowing impact measures
ocean damage not visible
ocean not an inexhaustible resource
ocean lies outside law of country=over exploitation (tragedy of commons)
how can we protect and sustain marine biodiversity?
passing & enforcing laws and treaties
1975 convention on int, trade in endangered species (CITES)
1979 global treaty on migratory species
US marine mammal rtection act 1972
US endangered species act (ESA) 1976
US whale conservation protectionn act 1976
1995 int convention on bio diversity
difficulties:
int law: off shore fishing zone 370 kms (economic zones)
(high seas) beyond 370 kms, not enforced or monitored
illegal poachers diff to monitor/control
new satellite tracking system
UN law of sea, signed by 162 countries, not y US
36% of ocean and 90% of fish stocks
govs promote overfishing
establishing marine sanctuaries and reserves
sanctuaries
IUCN (marine protected areas MPAs):protected from human activity (snorkeling, sailing, diving allowed)
difficulty:
too small for larger species
also allow dredging, trawler fishing, harmful etc
marine reserves
more protection>sanctuaries, parks
off limits:fishing, dredging, mining, waste disposal, recreation
recover ecosystems
difficulty:
1.2% ocean fully protected, 5% land
manage/monitor due to lack of $ & staff
connect global network marine services (coast waters)
species move as ocean warming, acidification, pollution
managing fisheries
estimate sustainable yield
fish/shellfish populations that can be harvested w out pop drop
maxium sustained yield (MSY)
diff to estimate due to random distribution
optimum sustained yield (OSY)
other species interact
best option: precautionary
co management
coasta communitiesl&gov
fishers, business, developers, politicians (economic/adaptable solutions for biodiversity, services, quality, economic/social goals
gov quotas for key species/communiy
gov limit fishing szns, types of fishing gear (ban trawlers)
community allocates, enforces quota among members
community based co-management
subsidies
govs around world give >$30billion/yr to fishers to run thir business
promote overfishing of target fish
=boats>fish
econ losses of $50billion/yr
sustainable consumption
consumers purchase sustainable seafood
dolphin friendly
line caught tuna
non overfished species
plant eating species
labeling
marine stewardship (council supports sustainable fishing for sustainable seafood, fishers enviro concerned and socially responsible)
reduce food waste (45% of seafood trashed)
restoration vs prevention
japan 90% dead coral reefs
partly restored/successful
fail if cause probs not adressed
pollution
coral bleaching
ocean acidification
prevent aquatic ecosystem degradation less $, +effective than restoration
protecting wetlands
highly productive cz of lots of nutrients (inland) ecosystem/econ services:
filtering
degrade toxic human waste
reducing flooding and erosion
absorb storm water and release slowly (overflows of streams and lakes)
sustaining stream flows
in droughts
recharging groundwater aquifers
providing habitats
maintain biodiversity
supplying valuable products
fish
shellfish
cranberries
wild rice
providing recreation
birdwatchers
nature photographers
boaters
anglers
waterfowl hunters
carbon sink
threats
US lost >50% of coastal/inland wetlands since 1900
draining and filling in for agricultural development
eliminating breeding grounds of insects (mosquitoes)
mining
minerals
oil
gas
oil spills
rising sea levels
subsidence (sinking) due to upriver damming
preserving
US zoning laws used to forbid development industries in wetlands
cut avg annual loss by 80% since 1969
94% of remaining wetlands still in protected
protecting freshwater lakes, rivers, fisheries
managing/protecting freshwater ecosystems
laws
no pollution
no altering river banks
no dams
subsidies to sustainable practices
protected areas
restoration efforts
4 steps
identify threats to ecosystem
remove/halt threats
reintro key species
protect from disruption during recovery
sustainable management
support populations
building of:
reservoirs
ponds
stock with fish spawns
prevent overfishing
regulate time/length of fishing szns
regulate # and size of fish taken
protect fish habitats
remove dams
prevent sediment build up
preventt water shortage
protect populations from harmful invasive species
priorities (the ecosystem approach)
map and inventory
identify and preservce aquatic hotspots
hotspot=diverse area under threat
create marine reserves
large/fully protected for recovery, fish stocks replenished
protect and restore ecosystem
lakes
rivers
coral reefs
wetlands
emphasize pollution cz restoration is $$ and high fail rate
raise the incomes of people
ppl who live near protected waters
become partners in protection, awareness
sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems
requirements
bottom up politic pressures on officials from citizens/groups
cooperation of
scientists
engineers
business leaders
gov leaders
responsible, sustainable consumer choice encouragement