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Leaves (Morphology and Anatomy of Other Leaf Types # (Insect Traps…

- - - - Crassulaceae
      - Portulacaceae
      - Aizoaceae
    - - water conservation
      - reduction of surface area
    - - few air spaces
        
        reduce internal evaporative surface area
        
        less water loss through stomata
  - - - exists in plants for more than 2 years
      - resistant to animals, fungi, uv light and freezing temperature
  - - - thick cuticle
      - thick cell walls in epidermis and hypodermis
    - - evergreen plants
  - - - remain close to stem
      - not exposed to mechanical damage
    - - provide greater protection
  - - - ability to sense the contact with other objects
  - - - composed of large chlorophyllous cells
  - - - obtain nitrogen they need
    - - Nepanthes
      - Darlingtonia
      - Sarracenia
    - - move during capture
      - Drosera
    - - sense and respond to presence of insects
- - - - lower side of blade
    - - uper surface of blade
      - smooth
    - - Simple
        
        one part blade
      - Compound
        
        divided into several individual
        
        petiolule
        
        attaches leaflets
        
        rachis
        
        extension of petiole
        
        palmately compound
        
        leaflets attached to same point
        
        pinnately compound
        
        leaflets attached to individual rachis
  - - - expose blades to wind
      - cool the leaf
      - leaf absorbs fresh air
    - - lack petiole
      - Aeonium
  - - - agaves
      - grasses
      - irises
  - - - distributes water to leaves
      - collect sugars produced by photosynthesis
      - transport sugar to stems for storage
    - - reticulate venation
        
        occurs in basal angiosperm and eudicots
        
        netted pattern
      - parallel venation
        
        monocots with long, strap shaped leaves
        
        run parallel, side by side
        
        few connections
- - - - water loss through the epidermis
      - problematic in dry area
    - - flat, tubular
      - guard cells
      - trichomes
    - - prevalent in lower epidermis
      - fewer stomata in upper epidermis
        
        prevents fungi, bacteria from penetrating leaves easily
        
        prevents excessive water loss
    - - coat outer wall
      - retain water
  - - - also called palisade mesophyll
      - layer of cells in upper surface of leaves
      - main photosynthetic tissue in most plants
      - large surface
        
        allows maximum dissolution of carbon dioxide
    - - open, loose aerenchyma
      - allows carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly
  - - - minor veins
        
        distributed from lateral veins
        
        release water from xylem
        
        lead sugar into phloem
      - Bundle sheath
        
        fibers around the vascular tissues
        
        prevents from insects penetration
      - bundle sheath extension
        
        mass of fibers above and below the vein
  - - - branch from stem vascular bundles
      - distinct or fused into single trace near petiole
      - arrangements
        
        ring, plate and many other
    - - function
        
        protect shoot apical meristem
        
        contribute to photosynthesis if large enough
        
        usually die early
- - - - cells interior of protoderms growing outwards
        
        protrusion
      - rapid growth
        
        taller than shoot apical meristem
        
        meristematic cells
        
        cells at center differentiate into
        
        provascular tissue
        
        primary xylem and phloem
      - increases thickness
        
        initiates lamina
        
        establish midrib
    - - differentiation of vascular bundles, trichomes and stomata
      - petiole becomes distinct from midrib
  - - - initiated by shoot apical meristem
      - encircles the shoot apical meristem
      - Lamina
    - - inner surface of tube
    - - outer surface of tube
    - - stretch of protoxylem and protophloem
      - rapid differentiation of vessel elements and sieve tube members
      - more initiation of primary xylem, phloem and stomata