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Cardiovascular System// Haydee Adame p.7 (Anatomy of the heart (including…
Cardiovascular System// Haydee Adame p.7
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consist of the heart, blood vessels,, and blood
Transport of nutrients
oxygen
hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes ( carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
intraventricular sulcus
trabecula carnea
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
4 chambers =
left ventricle
left atrium
right ventricle
right atrium
pulmonary trunk
left and right pulmonary artery
left and right pulmonary vein
Valves
tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
pulmonary semi lunar valve (pulmonic valve)
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
aortic valve (left semi lunar valve) (left arterial valve)
Aorta
brachiocephalic artery
left common cartoid
left subclaclavian artery
Apex
intraventricular septum
chordae tendae
papillary muscle
Layers of the
heart
Myocardium- the muscular layer that contains the cardiac muscle tissue andit makes the majority of the thickness and mass of the heart. also responsible for pumping blood
endocardium- simple squamous endothelium layer the lines the inside of the heart and is responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the inside of the heart
Pericardium- serous membrane that produces serous fluids to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the heart
Parietal Pericardium- is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels and has a outer and inner coats.
Fibrous Pericardium- the outer layer of the pericadium, comprised of dence connective tissue, which protects the heart, anchors it to surround the walls, and prevent overfiliing
blood flow through the heart and body
deoxygenated blood returning from the body fisrt enters the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava
the blood enters the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
3.from the right ventrice, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
he the pulmonary trunk carries blood to the ungs where it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen
the blood in the lungs returns to the heart through the plumonary veins
6.from the pulmonary veins, blood enters the heart again in the left atrium
the left atrium contracts to pump blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricles
the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
from the aorta, blood enters into systemic circulation throghout the body tissues until it returns to the heart via the vena cava and the cycle repeats
Major arteries and veins of the body
Arteries
ascending aorta
aortic arch
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
brachiocephalic trunck
common carotid artery
subclavian artery
axillary artery
brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery
common iliac artery
femoral artery
anterior tibial artery
fibular artery
Veins
radial veins
ulnar veins
brachial vein
axillary vein
subclavian vein
brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
cephalic vein
internal jugular vein
external jugular vein
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
external iliac vein
internal iliac vein
commin iliac vein
inferior vena cava
basilic vein
structural and
functional differences between blood vessel types
Artery
The blood is pumped under pressure from the heart, so backflow cannot occur
the millde layer (tunica media) is thicker
both
the thick outermost layer of a vessel (tunica adventitia or tunica externa_ is made of connective tissue
the inner layer (tunica intima) is the thinnest layer, comprised of a sinlge layer of endothelium
veins
contain numerous onedirsection valves that prevent backflow
types; Cardiac cycle and the ECG; disorders of the
cardiovascular system
atrial systole
the atria contreact and push blod into the venticles. to facsilite theis filling, the AV valves stay open and the semilunar valves stay closed to keep arterial blood from re-entering the heart
venticular systole
the ventricles contract to push blood into the aorta and the plumonary trunck. the pressure of the ventricles forces the semiliunar valves to open and the AV valeves to close. the arrangement of valves allows for blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries. the cardiac muscles of the atria repolarize and enter the state of diastole
relaxation phase
all 4 chambers of the heart are in diastole as blood pours into the heart from the veins. the AV valves open to allow blood to flow freely into the ventricles while the semilunar valves cloes from the great arteries into the ventricles.
The electocardiogram (EKG or EGG) is a non-invasive device that measures and monitors the electrilce activity of the heart through the skin. the EKG produces a distinctive waveform in response to the electricle changes taking place within the heart.
the first part of the wave, called the P wave , is a small increase in voltage of about 0.1 mV that corresponds to the depolarization of the atria during atrial systole
the next wave is the QRS complex which features a small drop in voltage (Q) a large voltage peak (R) and another small drop in voltage (S)
The QRS complex corresponding to the depolarization of the ventricles during ventricular systole
The atria also repolarize during the QRS complex, but have almost no effect on the EKG because they are so much smaller that the ventricles
the final wave is the T wave which represents the venticle repolarization dueing the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial infaction (heart attack)
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
endocarditis and myocarditis
congenital heart disease