Cardiovascular System// Haydee Adame p.7

Major functions of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system consist of the heart, blood vessels,, and blood

Transport of nutrients

oxygen

hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes ( carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)

Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)

intraventricular sulcus

trabecula carnea

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

4 chambers =

left ventricle

left atrium

right ventricle

right atrium

pulmonary trunk

left and right pulmonary artery

left and right pulmonary vein

Valves

tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

pulmonary semi lunar valve (pulmonic valve)

bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

aortic valve (left semi lunar valve) (left arterial valve)

Aorta

brachiocephalic artery

left common cartoid

left subclaclavian artery

Apex

intraventricular septum

chordae tendae

papillary muscle

Layers of the
heart

Myocardium- the muscular layer that contains the cardiac muscle tissue andit makes the majority of the thickness and mass of the heart. also responsible for pumping blood

blood flow through the heart and body

  1. deoxygenated blood returning from the body fisrt enters the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava
  1. the blood enters the right atrium and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

3.from the right ventrice, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk

  1. he the pulmonary trunk carries blood to the ungs where it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen
  1. the blood in the lungs returns to the heart through the plumonary veins

6.from the pulmonary veins, blood enters the heart again in the left atrium

  1. the left atrium contracts to pump blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricles
  1. the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
  1. from the aorta, blood enters into systemic circulation throghout the body tissues until it returns to the heart via the vena cava and the cycle repeats

Major arteries and veins of the body

structural and
functional differences between blood vessel types

types; Cardiac cycle and the ECG; disorders of the
cardiovascular system

atrial systole

the atria contreact and push blod into the venticles. to facsilite theis filling, the AV valves stay open and the semilunar valves stay closed to keep arterial blood from re-entering the heart

venticular systole

the ventricles contract to push blood into the aorta and the plumonary trunck. the pressure of the ventricles forces the semiliunar valves to open and the AV valeves to close. the arrangement of valves allows for blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries. the cardiac muscles of the atria repolarize and enter the state of diastole

relaxation phase

all 4 chambers of the heart are in diastole as blood pours into the heart from the veins. the AV valves open to allow blood to flow freely into the ventricles while the semilunar valves cloes from the great arteries into the ventricles.

The electocardiogram (EKG or EGG) is a non-invasive device that measures and monitors the electrilce activity of the heart through the skin. the EKG produces a distinctive waveform in response to the electricle changes taking place within the heart.

the first part of the wave, called the P wave , is a small increase in voltage of about 0.1 mV that corresponds to the depolarization of the atria during atrial systole

the next wave is the QRS complex which features a small drop in voltage (Q) a large voltage peak (R) and another small drop in voltage (S)

the final wave is the T wave which represents the venticle repolarization dueing the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

The QRS complex corresponding to the depolarization of the ventricles during ventricular systole

The atria also repolarize during the QRS complex, but have almost no effect on the EKG because they are so much smaller that the ventricles

Artery

The blood is pumped under pressure from the heart, so backflow cannot occur

the millde layer (tunica media) is thicker

both

the thick outermost layer of a vessel (tunica adventitia or tunica externa_ is made of connective tissue

the inner layer (tunica intima) is the thinnest layer, comprised of a sinlge layer of endothelium

veins

contain numerous onedirsection valves that prevent backflow

endocardium- simple squamous endothelium layer the lines the inside of the heart and is responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the inside of the heart

Pericardium- serous membrane that produces serous fluids to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the heart

Parietal Pericardium- is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels and has a outer and inner coats.

Fibrous Pericardium- the outer layer of the pericadium, comprised of dence connective tissue, which protects the heart, anchors it to surround the walls, and prevent overfiliing

Arteries

disorders of the cardiovascular system

Myocardial infaction (heart attack)

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

endocarditis and myocarditis

congenital heart disease

ascending aorta

aortic arch

thoracic aorta

abdominal aorta

brachiocephalic trunck

common carotid artery

subclavian artery

axillary artery

brachial artery

radial artery

ulnar artery

common iliac artery

femoral artery

anterior tibial artery

fibular artery

Veins

radial veins

ulnar veins

brachial vein

axillary vein

subclavian vein

brachiocephalic vein

superior vena cava

cephalic vein

internal jugular vein

external jugular vein

femoral vein

great saphenous vein

external iliac vein

internal iliac vein

commin iliac vein

inferior vena cava

basilic vein